THE CONCEPT OF ARAB ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE EYES OF THE ENGLISH ORIENTALIST DONALD HILL ANWAR ABDUL-JABBAR MUHAMMAD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/7ajtce85Keywords:
Arab-Islamic civilizationAbstract
The Arab-Islamic civilization is considered one of the important pillars upon which the Islamic Arab state was built since its foundation during the era of the Muhammadiyah message and continued with it, taking the feature of development, which Hill spoke about until the end of the Abbasid era, as he considered that the sustainability of the Arab community depends entirely on it, and for this we will address the most important opinions taken by him in this regard.
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(1) Hill, Civilization, 21.
(2) Surah An-Nisaa, verse 165.
(3) Hill, Civilization, 21.
(4) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(5) Al-Tabari, History of the Apostles and Kings, 2/292.
(6) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(7) Ibn Ishaq, Sira Ibn Ishaq, 17, 18.
(8) Hill, Civilization, 24.
(9) Ibn Ishaq, biography of Ibn Ishaq, 24; Ibn Hisham, The Prophet's Biography, 1/238.
(10) Hill, Civilization, 23.
(11) Surah Al-Najm, verse 4.
(12) Ibn Hisham, The Biography of the Prophet, 1/19 Al-Tirmidhi, Abu Issa
Muhammad Yen Issa (279 AH / 893 AD), Al-Shamael Al-Muhammadiyya, 1st Floor,
Dar Al-Ahyaa Al-Arabiya Heritage (Beirut, D.T.), 195.
(13) Surat Al-Alaq, verses 1-2.
(14) Surat Al-Muddathir, verses 1-2.
(15) Hill, Civilization, 23.
(16) Al-Waqidi, Al-Maghazi, 3/899; Ibn Hisham, The Prophet's Biography, 1/88
(17) Surat Al-Hijr, verse 94.
(18) Hill, Civilization, 19.
(19) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(20) Surat Al-Najm, verse 3.
(21) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(22) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(23) Al-Qadi, Abdul-Jabbar, Abu Al-Hussein bin Ahmed bin Abdul-Jabbar AlHamdhani (d. 415 AH / 1025 CE), Confirmation of Evidence of Prophethood, Dar
Al-Mustafa (Cairo, D.T.), 1/6, 84.
(24) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(25) For more information on the prophetic migration, see Ibn Hisham, The Prophet's Biography, 1/590.
(26) Surat Al-Alaq, verses 4-5.
(27) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(28) Surah Al-Nahl, verse 125.
(29) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(30) Al-Bayhaqi, Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Al-Hussein bin Ali (d. 458 AH / 1066 CE), Evidence of Prophethood, Tah: Abdel-Moati Qalaji, 1st edition, Dar Al-Kutub AlAlami, (Beirut, 1408 AH / 1988 AD), 2/461.
(31) Hill, Civilization, 25-26.
(32) Ibn Abd al-Barr, Abu Omar Yusef bin Abdullah bin Muhammad (d. 463 AH / /1071 CE), Al-Durrar in the abbreviation of Al-Maghazi and Sir, Tah: Shawqi Abu Dhaif, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Maarif (Cairo, 1403 AH / 1983 AD), 26. (33) Hill, Civilization, 26.
(34) For more information about the role of the first immigrants in spreading the Islamic call in Yathrib. See: Al-Suhaili, Abu al-Qasim Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah (d. 581 AH / 1185 CE), Al-Rawd al-Naf in explaining the prophetic biography of Ibn Hisham, Tah: Omar Abdel Salam, 1st floor, Dar Al-Ahyaa for Arab Heritage (Beirut, 1421 AH / 2000 AD), 4/122.
(35) Hill, Civilization, 26.
(36) For more information about the acceptance of the people of Yathrib in the Islamic Call. Looking at Abu al-Rabee al-Kalaei, Suleiman bin Musa bin Salem (d. 634 AH / 1237 CE), contenting himself with the content of the deception of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) and the three caliphs, 1st floor, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami (Beirut, 1420 AH / 2000 AD), 1/2.
(37) Hill, Civilization, 26.
(38) For more information about the secret invitation. Looking: Abu Shahba, Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Swailem, the Biography of the Prophet in the Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, 8th edition, Dar Al-Qalam (Damascus, 1427 AH / 2006 AD), 28/23.
(39) Surat Al-Shuara, verse 214.
(40) Hill, Civilization, 27.
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