Examining the Influence of Prison Overcrowding and Rehabilitation Programmes on Effective Rehabilitation and Inmate Correction in Nigerian Prisons
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/etre4r32Keywords:
Correctional institutions, overcrowding, effective rehabilitation, inmate correction, inmate attitudesAbstract
Effectiveness of correctional institutions in receiving theoretical and empirical concern as it has much implication for the functionality of the society. This study examined the predictive relationship prison overcrowding and rehabilitation programmes independently have on effective rehabilitation and inmates correction in correctional institutions across Delta State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted and data was collected with a self-administered questionnaire. Two hundred and eighty inmates and 30 staff members of the prisons participated in the study. Data analysis supported hypothesis one since overcrowding have a negative and significant influence on effective rehabilitation. The effect size statistics for the hypothesis was large and this is of practical value. Hypothesis two was not supported as rehabilitation programmes were observed to positively and significantly influence inmate correction. It was recommended that for correctional institutions to achieve the objective of reforming inmates, prison environment should not be frustrating to inmates and staff
Downloads
References
1. Adeola, I.O.A. (1999). Personnel Management in Ado-Ekiti Prisons, Nigeria. African Journal of Sociology, (1) 1-10.
2. Aduba, J.N (1993). Overcrowding in Nigerian Prisons: A critical appraisal. Journal of Criminal Justice.
21(2), 185-191
3. Allen, F.A. (1981). A decline of the Rehabilitative ideals: Penal, Policy and Social Purpose. New Haven: Yale University Press.
4. Aloysius, A. (2010). “Congested Prisons” in This-Day Newspaper (August 10th 2020). 14(5588) p.19
5. Amali, S.E., Hussein, M.D. (2017). Problems in Nigerian Prison Service and challenges inhibiting the effective rehabilitation of inmates. 2008-2020 Research Gate. GmbH.
6. Amali, S.E, Rufai, U., Sarki, U, & Saleh, M. (2017). An inmate Appraisal of Rehabilitation Programmes in Hadeija Prisons, Jigawa State, Nigeria. An unpublished research work.
7. Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, DFAT country Information Report: Nigeria (2018). ARC Foundation: Prison conditions in Nigeria.
8. Andrews D.A, Bonta, J. & Hoge, R.D(1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation. Rediscovering Psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 19-52
9. Andrews D.A; Bonta, J. (2010). Rehabilitating Criminal Justice Policy and Practice. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 16 (1), 39.
10. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.
11. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2000). Attitudes and attitude–behaviour relation: Reasoned and automatic processes. European Review of Social Psychology, 11, 1–33.
12. Awopetu, R.G. (2011). Assessment of prison overcrowding in Nigeria: Implications for rehabilitation, reformation, and re-integration of inmates. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 11(2), 23-35
13. Baggio, S., Peigne, N., Heller, P., Getaz, L., Liebrenz, M., & Wolff, H. (2019). Do overcrowding and turnover cause violence in prison? Frontier of Psychiatry, 10: 1015.
14. Balafouta, L., Garcia-Gallego, A., Georgantzis, N., Jabber-Lopez, T., & Mitrokostas, E. (2020). Rehabilitation and social behaviour: Experiments in prison. Games and Economic Behavior, 119, 148-171
15. Blanchette, K, & Brown, S.L. (2006). The assessment and treatment of women offenders: An integrative perspective. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
16. Boduszek, D., Hyland, P., Pedziszczak, J., & Kielkiewicz, K (2012). Criminal attitudes, recidivistic behaviour, and the mediating role of associations with criminal friends: An empirical investigation within a prison sample of violent offenders. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 8(1), pp. 18-31, doi:10.5964/job.v8i1.296 www.ejop.org
17. Bohn, R.M, & Haley, K.N. (1999) Introduction to Criminal Justice, 2nd ed. United States: Glencoe/McCraw Hill.
18. Braswell, M, & Whitehead, J.(2002). In the beginning was the student: Teaching peacemaking and justice issues. Crime & Delinquency, 48(2), 333-349.
19. Carney, L. (1980) Correction, Treatment and Philosophy. New York: Prentice Hall, Inc.
20. Chuia, H. W., Cheng, k., K-Y (2017). Criminal sentiments and behaviours among young people in Hong Kong. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(1), 57-67, DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2013.875479.
21. Civil Liberties Organization (CLO) 1995. Behind the wall. A report on the prison condition in Nigeria Prison System Lagos.
22. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum
23. Dambazau, A.B. (2011). Criminology and criminal justice. Ibadan Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria.
24. David, A (2020). Full list of Prisons in Nigeria and locations. https:// Nigerianinfopedia.com.ng. Accessed 10/11/2020
25. Duwe, G. (2017).The use and impact of correctional programming for inmates on pre-and post-release outcomes. Retrieved on 18/11/2020 from https://nij.gov/topics/corrections/institutional/Pages/use-and-impact-of-correctional-programming-for-inmates.aspx
26. Esiri, M.O (2013). The upsurge of recidivism and penitentiary institutions in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 7, (6) 49-52.
27. Farrington D. P, Nuttall C. P. (1980). Prison size, overcrowding, prison violence, and recidivism. Journal of Criminal Justice, 8(4):221–31.
28. Freeman, R.B. (2003). Can we close the revolving door? Recidivism Vs employment of ex-offenders in
the U.S. American Sociological Review 70, 1-20.
29. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSSsStatistics, (4th ed). Los Angeles: Sage.
30. Franklin, W. T., Franklin, A. C &. Pratt, C. T (2006). Examining the empirical relationship between prison crowding and inmate misconduct: A meta-analysis of conflicting research results. Journal of Criminal Justice 34, 401–41.
31. Glazener E, & Nakamura K. (2018). Examining the link between prison crowding and inmate misconduct: Evidence from prison-level panel data. Justice Quarterly, 37 (1), 1–23.
32. Gona, S., Megari, I., and Zondayi, M. (2014). Effectiveness of correctional programmes in curbing reoffending. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 3, (13), 1-10
33. Human Rights Watch, (2019). “They didn’t know if I was alive or dead”: Military Detention of children for suspected Boko Haram involvement in Northern Nigeria. In Prison conditions in Nigeria. ARC Foundation: Garden Court Chambers. p.50.
34. Igbinovia, P. E. & Omorogiuwa, T. B.E (2019). The prison rehabilitation programmes and their effects on inmates in Benin city prisons, Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research, 5 (1),.23-31.
35. Jack Macmillian Dictionary. Macmillian Education Limited 2009-2020.
36. Kratcoski, P.C. (2017). Correctional Counseling and Treatment. 6th ed. Switzerland: Springer.
37. Mastrobuoni, G & Terlizzese, D. (2014). Rehabilitation and Recidivism: Evidence from an Open Prison. Retrieved on 12/11/2020 from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rehabilitation-and-Recidivism-
%3A-Evidence-from-an-%E2%88%97-Mastrobuoni-Terlizzese/6337300f5417c6ad2bdd9270f2ada940044303fd
38. Kurzfeld, J. (2017). Prison crowding and violent misconduct: Dissecting the impacts of California public safety realignment. Retrieved on 16/11/2020 from http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/News/docs/USSC-Plata-opinion09-1233.
39. Labo, H.S. (2018). Prison Sector Reforms in Nigeria: Challenge and Way Forward. Intellectual Access International Limited 2018- Prison Administration – 193 pages. ISBN 9789688350 9789789688357.
40. Maculan, E. (2020). Rationale and Purpose of Criminal Law and Punishment in Transitional Contexts.
Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 40(1), 132-157. https://doi.org/10.1093/oj/s/gqz033
41. Mills, J., Kroner, G. D. & Hemmati, T. (2004). The measures of criminal attitudes and associates (mcaa) the prediction of general and violent recidivism. Criminal Justice And Behavior,31 ( 6), 717-733
42. Mills, J. F., Kroner, G. D. & Forth, A. E. (2002). Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA) Development, Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity. Assessment, 9,(3), 240-253.
43. Muasya, J. K. (2013). Impact of prison rehabilitation programmes on self-sustainability of ex-convicts: a case of Thika sub-county, Kenya, Master's Thesis, The University of Nairobi, Kenya.
44. National Institute of Justice United State. https://nij.ojp.gov./Recidivism. Accessed 10/11/2020
45. Nkosi, N., & Maweni, V. (2020).The effects of overcrowding on the rehabilitation of offenders: A case study of a correctional centre, Durban (Westville), KwaZulu Natal. Retrieved on 15/11/2020 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0972558X20952971
46. Nigerian Prison Act (CAP 366, 1999) Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Lagos Government Press.
47. Obioha, E.E. (2011). Challenges of Reforms in the Nigerian Prison System. Pretoria Press, South Africa
48. Obioha, E.E. (1995). Prison Culture in Nigeria: A study of life within Agodi Prison Community. Ibadan. A thesis submitted to the department of sociology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
49. Obioha E.E. (2002). Punishment in Society. In U.C Isuige-Abambe, A.N. Isamah, O. Adesina Timi (eds.) Current Perspectives in Sociology, Lagos: Malthouse Press Ltd., 367-379.
50. O’Hagan, H. (2015). Attitudes, associates, and romantic relationships: Validating the measure of criminal attitudes and associates (MCAA) in a sample of male and female adolescent offenders. Master’s Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
51. O’Hagan, H., Brown, L. S., Jones, J. N. & Skilling, A. T. (2018) The Reliability and Validity of the Measure of Criminal Attitudes and Associates and the Pride in Delinquency Scale in a mixed Sex Sample of Justice-Involved Youth. Criminal Justice and Behavior, Xx, (X) 1–19.
52. Ojo, M.O.D, & Okunola, R.A (2014). The Plights of the Aged Inmates in Nigerian Prison System: A Survey of the two Prisons in Ogun State, Nigeria. Bangladesh Sociological Society, 11(1) 54.
53. Ojukwu, C.N., Briggs, C.E. (2005). "Developing Justice in the Developing States: The Nigerian Experience". http:/www. Isrd. org/papers/2005/briggs. Pdf.
54. Omoni, G.E, Ijeh, U.S (2011). ed. Essentials of Guidance and Counselling, Agbor, Nigeria: Krisbec Publications, 42-55.
55. Onyekachi, J.(2016). Problems and Prospects of Administration of Nigeria Prison: Need for proper Rehabilitation of the inmates in Nigeria Prisons, Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 5(4), 1-14 from Doi: 10.4172/2167-0269. 1000228.
56. Orakwe, A. (2011) The Reformer: A bulletin of the Nigerian Prison Service, Abuja Nigeria. 4 (3), 1-5.
57. Otu, M.S. (2015). Analysis of the causes and effects of recidivism and the Nigerian prison system.
International Journal of Development and Management 1597-9482.
58. Ozguluk, S. B (2010). Prediction of attitudes towards child abuse by gender, age, income and education.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 515-519.
59. Penal Reform International (2019). PRI Netherlands 40025979 www.penalreform.org>key. facts. Accessed 16/12/2020
60. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social
61. science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 539-569.
62. PRAWA (2000). Prison and penal reform factsheet. Penal reform media network PERMANENT 2(4), 1-11.
63. Sanni, R.A, (2019). The Criminal justice system and corruption in Nigeria: A study of South West Geo-political zone. A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology & Psychology, Delta State University, Abraka.
64. Robinson, G, Crow, 1. (2009). Offender Rehabilitation: Theory and Practice, London: Sage.
65. Schönbrodt F.D, & Perugini M. (2013). At what sample size do correlations stabilize? Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 609–612.
66. The Senate Federal Republic of Nigeria (Repeal and Enactment) Bill, 2018 (SBs. 125;191; 288 & 308) 20th December, 208. p.I.
67. Voice of America (VOA) News (2019). Nigeria’s prisons set to undergo long-awaited reforms. In Prison conditions in Nigeria. ARC Foundation: Garden Court Chambers. p.49.
68. Ward, T., Mesler, J, & Yates P. (2007). Reconstructing the Risk - Need-Responsivity Model: A theoretical elaboration and evaluation. Aggression and Violent Behavior 12, 08-228.
69. Websters New World College Dictionary, 4th edition copyright 2010, Harcourt: Houghton Miffin.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
