Manufacture of modern electrochemical sensors based on organic and inorganic nanoparticles and decorated with multi-walled carbon nanopipes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/kwtxr027Keywords:
Electrochemical sensor, functionalized multi-walled carbon nanopipes, nanomaterials of organic and inorganic materials, biomaterials, ions of organic and inorganic heavy metals, modified electrode, Graphene, voltammetryAbstract
One of the reasons for the rapid development of electrochemical sensors for nanomaterials is because of the rapid international development and manufacture, a variety of dangerous chemicals are currently being released into the atmosphere in terms of Airborne, water, and solid waste. Thus, a sensitive, robust, and cost-effective sensor network Make very important pollutants from the atmosphere. Significant progress has been made ineffective electrochemical sensors and biosensors platforms for environmental-based applications of nanomaterials. The current review assesses recent trends in developing an electrochemical sensor platform based on the latest nanomaterials such as metallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanomaterials, carbon nanomaterials, polymers, and biomaterials. Special synthetic methods, properties, integration techniques, specific sensor applications and development prospects for advanced sensor platforms from these nanostructured materials were also highlighted. The great development of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensor platforms is driving new momentum to develop new technologies to ensure human health and the environment in days gone by nanotechnology has played a crucial role in upgrade biometric sensors. The sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility of the biometric sensors have improved greatly due to the incorporation of nanomaterials into their design. In general, nanomaterial-based electrochemical immune sensors improve sensitivity by allowing wider activation with broader surface recognition molecules for biological recognition as well as enhancing the electrochemical properties of the transformer.
Downloads
References
1. Iijima, S., Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon Nature 354: 56–58. Find this article online, 1991.
2. Sun, Y.-P., et al., Functionalized carbon nanotubes: properties and applications.
Accounts of chemical research, 2002. 35(12): p. 1096-1104.
3. Balasubramanian, K. and M. Burghard, Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes.
small, 2005. 1(2): p. 180-192.
4. Eggins, B.R., Chemical sensors and biosensors. Vol. 28. 2008: John Wiley & Sons.
5. Wang, J., Electrochemical biosensors: towards point-of-care cancer diagnostics.
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2006. 21(10): p. 1887-1892.
6. Walcarius, A., et al., Nanomaterials for bio-functionalized electrodes: recent trends.
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2013. 1(38): p. 4878-4908.
7. Ouhenia-Ouadahi, K., et al., Tuning the growth mode of 3D silver nanocrystal superlattices by triphenylphosphine. Chemistry of Materials, 2016. 28(12): p. 4380-4389.
8. Ge, X., et al., Nanomaterial-enhanced paper-based biosensors. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2014. 58: p. 31-39.
9. Akimoto, H., Global air quality and pollution. Science, 2003. 302(5651): p. 1716-
1719.
10. Akyildiz, I.F., et al., Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer networks, 2002.
38(4): p. 393-422.
11. Blais, F., Review of 20 years of range sensor development. Journal of electronic imaging, 2004. 13(1): p. 231-243.
12. Waggoner, P.S. and H.G. Craighead, Micro-and nanomechanical sensors for environmental, chemical, and biological detection. Lab on a Chip, 2007. 7(10): p. 1238-1255.
13. Grieshaber, D., et al., Electrochemical biosensors-sensor principles and architectures. Sensors, 2008. 8(3): p. 1400-1458.
14. Homola, J., Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species. Chemical reviews, 2008. 108(2): p. 462-493.
15. Zhang, L. and M. Fang, Nanomaterials in pollution trace detection and environmental improvement. Nano Today, 2010. 5(2): p. 128-142.
16. Bontidean, I., et al., Detection of heavy metal ions at femtomolar levels using protein- based biosensors. Analytical Chemistry, 1998. 70(19): p. 4162-4169.
17. Pan, D., et al., Nanomaterial/ionophore-based electrode for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead: an electrochemical sensing platform toward heavy metals. Analytical chemistry, 2009. 81(12): p. 5088-5094.
18. Ronkainen, N.J., H.B. Halsall, and W.R. Heineman, Electrochemical biosensors.
Chemical Society Reviews, 2010. 39(5): p. 1747-1763.
19. Chesney, D.J., Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Edited by Peter T. Kissinger (Purdue University) and William R. Heineman (University of Cincinnati). Dekker: Monticello, NY. 1996. xxii+ 986 pp. $79. ISBN 0-8247-9445-1. 1996, ACS Publications.
20. Deiminiat, B., G.H. Rounaghi, and M.H. Arbab-Zavar, Development of a new electrochemical imprinted sensor based on poly-pyrrole, sol–gel and multiwall carbon nanotubes for determination of tramadol. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2017. 238: p. 651-659.
21. Pumera, M., et al., Electrochemical nanobiosensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2007. 123(2): p. 1195-1205.
22. Pumera, M., et al., Graphene for electrochemical sensing and biosensing. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2010. 29(9): p. 954-965.
23. Bustos-Ramírez, K., et al., Covalently bonded chitosan on graphene oxide via redox reaction. Materials, 2013. 6(3): p. 911-926.
24. Xin, G., et al., A graphene sheet exfoliated with microwave irradiation and interlinked by carbon nanotubes for high-performance transparent flexible electrodes. Nanotechnology, 2010. 21(40): p. 405201.
25. Lim, C.X., et al., Direct voltammetric detection of DNA and pH sensing on epitaxial graphene: an insight into the role of oxygenated defects. Analytical chemistry, 2010. 82(17): p. 7387- 7393.
26. Bai, J. and Y. Huang, Fabrication and electrical properties of graphene nanoribbons. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2010. 70(3-6): p. 341-353.
27. Kim, W.S., et al., Fabrication of graphene layers from multiwalled carbon nanotubes using high dc pulse. Applied Physics Letters, 2009. 95(8): p. 083103.
28. Yan, G., et al., A highly sensitive label-free electrochemical aptasensor for interferon-gamma detection based on graphene controlled assembly and nuclease cleavage-assisted target recycling amplification. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2013. 44: p. 57-63.
29. Cho, I.-H., et al., Current technologies of electrochemical immunosensors: perspective on signal amplification. Sensors, 2018. 18(1): p. 207.
30. Kuila, T., et al., Recent advances in graphene-based biosensors. Biosensors and bioelectronics, 2011. 26(12): p. 4637-4648.
31. Fortunati, S., et al., Single-walled carbon nanotubes as enhancing substrates for PNA-based amperometric genosensors. Sensors, 2019. 19(3): p. 588.
32. Shirsat, M.D., C.O. Too, and G.G. Wallace, Amperometric glucose biosensor on layer by layer assembled carbon nanotube and polypyrrole multilayer film. Electroanalysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Electroanalysis, 2008. 20(2): p. 150-156.
33. Zhang, X., et al., A novel electrochemical immunosensor for highly sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 in corn using single-walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan. Food chemistry, 2016. 192: p. 197-202.
34. Qi, H., et al., Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with protein by click chemistry as sensing platform for sensitized electrochemical immunoassay. Electrochimica Acta, 2012. 63: p. 76-82.
35. Viswanathan, S., et al., Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen using ferrocene liposomes and MWCNT screen-printed electrode. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2009. 24(7): p. 1984-1989.
36. Sánchez-Tirado, E., et al., Carbon nanotubes functionalized by click chemistry as scaffolds for the preparation of electrochemical immunosensors. Application to the determination of TGF-beta 1 cytokine. Analyst, 2016. 141(20): p. 5730-5737.
37. Li, M., et al., An ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on the signal amplification strategy of mesoporous core–shell Pd@ Pt nanoparticles/amino group functionalized graphene nanocomposite. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2017. 87: p. 752-759.
38. Aziz, M.A., et al., Amperometric immunosensing using an indium tin oxide electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube and poly (ethylene glycol)–silane copolymer. Chemical communications, 2007(25): p. 2610-2612.
39. Yu, X., et al., Carbon nanotube amplification strategies for highly sensitive immunodetection of cancer biomarkers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2006. 128(34): p. 11199-11205.
40. Liang, Y.-R., et al., A highly sensitive signal-amplified gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical immunosensor for dibutyl phthalate detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2017. 91: p. 199-202.
41. Han, L., et al., Enhanced conductivity of rGO/Ag NPs composites for electrochemical immunoassay of prostate-specific antigen. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2017. 87: p. 466-472.
42. Trindade, E.K., B.V. Silva, and R.F. Dutra, A probeless and label-free electrochemical immunosensor for cystatin C detection based on ferrocene functionalized-graphene platform. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2019. 138: p. 111311.
43. Zhou, Q., et al., Highly selective and sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of Cry1C using nanobody and π–π stacked graphene oxide/thionine assembly. Analytical chemistry, 2016. 88(19): p. 9830-9836.
44. Goyal, R.N., S. Chatterjee, and A.R.S. Rana, The effect of modifying an edge-plane pyrolytic graphite electrode with single-wall carbon nanotubes on its use for sensing diclofenac. Carbon, 2010. 48(14): p. 4136-4144.
45. Revin, S.B. and S.A. John, Electrochemical sensor for neurotransmitters at physiological pH using a heterocyclic conducting polymer modified electrode. Analyst, 2012. 137(1):
p. 209-215.
46. Lei, J. and H. Ju, Nanotubes in biosensing. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 2010. 2(5): p. 496-509.
47. Tang, Y., et al., Electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009. 131(37): p. 13200-13201.
48. Xu, X., et al., Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes: high electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and its application for biosensing. Acs Nano, 2010. 4(7): p. 4292-4298.
49. Brownson, D.A., D.K. Kampouris, and C.E. Banks, Graphene electrochemistry: fundamental concepts through to prominent applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 2012. 41(21): p. 6944-6976.
50. Zhang, Y., Y. Bai, and B. Yan, Functionalized carbon nanotubes for potential medicinal applications. Drug discovery today, 2010. 15(11-12): p. 428-435.
51. Wang, J., M. Musameh, and Y. Lin, Solubilization of carbon nanotubes by Nafion toward the preparation of amperometric biosensors. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2003. 125(9): p. 2408-2409.
52. Carrascosa, L.G., et al., Nanomechanical biosensors: a new sensing tool. TrAC trends in analytical chemistry, 2006. 25(3): p. 196-206.
53. Schneider, C.W. and T. Lippert, Laser ablation and thin film deposition, in Laser Processing of Materials. 2010, Springer. p. 89-112.
54. Yamashita, T., et al., Carbon nanomaterials: efficacy and safety for nanomedicine.
Materials, 2012. 5(2): p. 350-363.
55. Bhakta, S.A., et al., Protein adsorption onto nanomaterials for the development of biosensors and analytical devices: A review. Analytica chimica acta, 2015. 872: p. 7-25.
56. Chan, C.P.Y., et al., Evidence-based point-of-care diagnostics: current status and emerging technologies. Annual review of analytical chemistry, 2013. 6: p. 191-211.
57. Carregal-Romero, S., et al., Multiplexed sensing and imaging with colloidal nano- and microparticles. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, 2013. 6: p. 53-81.
58. Raluca-Ioana, S., Electrochemical sensors in bioanalysis. CRC, New York, 2001.
59. Brett, C.M. and A.M. Oliveira-Brett, Electrochemical sensing in solution—origins, applications and future perspectives. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2011. 15(7-8): p. 1487- 1494.
60. Vaseashta, A.K., D. Dimova-Malinovska, and J.M. Marshall, Nanostructured and Advanced Materials for Applications in Sensor, Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Technology: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Nanostructured and Advanced Materials for Applications in Sensors, Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Technology Sozopol, Bulgaria, 6-17 September 2004. Vol. 204. 2005: Springer Science & Business Media.
61. Vaseashta, A., Field-emission characteristics of carbon nanotubes and their applications in photonic devices. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2003. 14(10- 12): p. 653-656.
62. Huang, X.-J. and Y.-K. Choi, Chemical sensors based on nanostructured materials.
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2007. 122(2): p. 659-671.
63. Bakker, E. and M. Telting-Diaz, Electrochemical sensors. Analytical chemistry, 2002. 74(12): p. 2781-2800.
64. Stetter, J.R., W.R. Penrose, and S. Yao, Sensors, chemical sensors, electrochemical sensors, and ECS. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2003. 150(2): p. S11.
65. Mortimer, R.J. and A. Beech, AC impedance characteristics of solid-state planar electrochemical carbon monoxide sensors with Nafion® as solid polymer electrolyte. Electrochimica acta, 2002. 47(20): p. 3383-3387.
66. Hulanicki, A., S. Glab, and F. Ingman, Chemical sensors: definitions and classification. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1991. 63(9): p. 1247-1250.
67. Lai, G., et al., Amplified inhibition of the electrochemical signal of ferrocene by enzyme-functionalized graphene oxide nanoprobe for ultrasensitive immunoassay. Analytica chimica acta, 2016. 902: p. 189-195.
68. Shamsipur, M., M. Najafi, and M.-R.M. Hosseini, Highly improved electrooxidation of glucose at a nickel (II) oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode. Bioelectrochemistry, 2010. 77(2): p. 120-124.
69. Wang, H., et al., Electrochemical determination of tetracycline using molecularly imprinted polymer modified carbon nanotube‐gold nanoparticles electrode. Electroanalysis, 2011. 23(8): p. 1863-1869.
70. Yao, Y.L. and K.K. Shiu, Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase at Carbon Nanotube‐gold Colloid Modified Electrode with Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Coating. Electroanalysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Electroanalysis, 2008. 20(14): p. 1542-1548.
71. Cao, Q., et al., Electrochemical immunosensor for casein based on gold nanoparticles and poly (l-Arginine)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film functionalized interface. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2011. 26(8): p. 3469-3474.
72. Wang, Y., et al., Improving the performance of catalytic combustion type methane gas sensors using nanostructure elements doped with rare earth cocatalysts. Sensors, 2011. 11(1): p. 19-31.
73. Azharuddin, M., et al., A repertoire of biomedical applications of noble metal nanoparticles. Chemical Communications, 2019. 55(49): p. 6964-6996.
74. Stradiotto, N.R., H. Yamanaka, and M.V.B. Zanoni, Electrochemical sensors: a powerful tool in analytical chemistry. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2003. 14(2): p. 159- 173.
75. Cash, K.J. and H.A. Clark, Nanosensors and nanomaterials for monitoring glucose in diabetes. Trends in molecular medicine, 2010. 16(12): p. 584-593.
76. Chiroiu, V., et al., Introducere în nanomecanică. 2005: Editura Academiei Române.
77. Buffat, P. and J.P. Borel, Size effect on the melting temperature of gold particles.
Physical review A, 1976. 13(6): p. 2287.
78. Goldstein, A., C. Echer, and A. Alivisatos, Melting in semiconductor nanocrystals.
Science, 1992. 256(5062): p. 1425-1427.
79. Champion, Y., et al., Near-perfect elastoplasticity in pure nanocrystalline copper.
Science, 2003. 300(5617): p. 310-311.
80. Vaseashta, A., Nanostructured materials based next generation devices and sensors, in Nanostructured and Advanced Materials for Applications in Sensor, Optoelectronic and Photovoltaic Technology. 2005, Springer. p. 1-30.
81. Shaw, L.L., Processing nanostructured materials: an overview. Jom, 2000. 52(12): p.
41-45.
82. Holze, R., A. Eftekhari (Ed.): Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry. 2009,
Springer.
83. Weingart, J., P. Vabbilisetty, and X.-L. Sun, Membrane mimetic surface functionalization of nanoparticles: methods and applications. Advances in colloid and interface science, 2013. 197: p. 68-84.
84. Siegel, A.C., et al., Foldable printed circuit boards on paper substrates. Advanced Functional Materials, 2010. 20(1): p. 28-35.
85. Zhou, J., et al., Anisotropic motion of electroactive papers coated with PEDOT/PSS.
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2010. 295(7): p. 671-675.
86. Kumar, S., et al., Nanomaterial‐Modified Conducting Paper: Fabrication, Properties, and Emerging Biomedical Applications. Global Challenges, 2019. 3(12): p. 1900041.
87. Tang, J., et al., Sandwich-type conductometric immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein in human serum using carbon nanoparticles as labels. Biochemical engineering journal, 2011. 53(2): p. 223-228.
88. Wang, H., et al., Electrochemical biosensor based on interdigitated electrodes for determination of thyroid stimulating hormone. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 2014. 9: p. 12-21.
89. Liu, Y., et al., Immune-biosensor for aflatoxin B1 based bio-electrocatalytic reaction on micro-comb electrode. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2006. 32(3): p. 211-217.
90. Liu, H., et al., Enhanced conductometric immunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen using double-codified nanogold particles as labels. Biochemical engineering journal, 2009. 45(2): p. 107-112.
91. Muhammad-Tahir, Z. and E.C. Alocilja, A conductometric biosensor for biosecurity.
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2003. 18(5-6): p. 813-819.
92. Welch, C.M. and R.G. Compton, The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: a review. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2006. 384(3): p. 601-619.
93. Campbell, F.W. and R.G. Compton, The use of nanoparticles in electroanalysis: an updated review. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2010. 396(1): p. 241-259.
94. Ward Jones, S.E. and R.G. Compton, Fabrication and applications of nanoparticle- modified electrodes in stripping analysis. Current Analytical Chemistry, 2008. 4(3): p. 177-182.
95. Yamada, D., et al., Anodic stripping voltammetry of inorganic species of As3+ and As5+ at gold-modified boron doped diamond electrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2008. 615(2): p. 145-153.
96. Chang, G., M. Oyama, and K. Hirao, In situ chemical reductive growth of platinum nanoparticles on indium tin oxide surfaces and their electrochemical applications. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006. 110(4): p. 1860-1865.
97. Han, L. and X. Zhang, Simultaneous voltammetry determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers by nanogold modified electrode. Electroanalysis: An International Journal Devoted to Fundamental and Practical Aspects of Electroanalysis, 2009. 21(2): p. 124-129.
98. Du, D., et al., Electrochemical thiocholine inhibition sensor based on biocatalytic growth of Au nanoparticles using chitosan as template. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2007. 127(2): p. 317-322.
99. Cui, Y., et al., Electrochemical determination of nitrite using a gold nanoparticles- modified glassy carbon electrode prepared by the seed-mediated growth technique. Analytical Sciences, 2007. 23(12): p. 1421-1425.
100. Tsai, M.-C. and P.-Y. Chen, Voltammetric study and electrochemical detection of hexavalent chromium at gold nanoparticle-electrodeposited indium tinoxide (ITO) electrodes in acidic media. Talanta, 2008. 76(3): p. 533-539.
101. Levinson, H.J., Lithography process control. Vol. 28. 1999: SPIE Press.
102. Watt, F., et al., Ion beam lithography and nanofabrication: a review. International Journal of Nanoscience, 2005. 4(03): p. 269-286.
103. Bondur, J.A., Dry process technology (reactive ion etching). Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 1976. 13(5): p. 1023-1029.
104. Jansen, H. and H. Gardeniers, Meint de Boer, Miko Elwenspoek, and Jan Fluitman. J. Micromech. Microeng, 1996. 6: p. 14-28.
105. Yih, P., V. Saxena, and A. Steckl, A review of SiC reactive ion etching in fluorinated plasmas. physica status solidi (b), 1997. 202(1): p. 605-642.
106. Zardetto, V., et al., Substrates for flexible electronics: A practical investigation on the electrical, film flexibility, optical, temperature, and solvent resistance properties. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 2011. 49(9): p. 638-648.
107. Carlson, A., et al., Transfer printing techniques for materials assembly and micro/nanodevice fabrication. Advanced Materials, 2012. 24(39): p. 5284-5318.
108. Hines, D., et al., Transfer printing methods for the fabrication of flexible organic electronics. Journal of applied physics, 2007. 101(2): p. 024503.
109. Lee, C.H., D.R. Kim, and X. Zheng, Fabricating nanowire devices on diverse substrates by simple transfer-printing methods. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010. 107(22): p. 9950-9955.
110. Lee, C.H., D.R. Kim, and X. Zheng, Transfer printing methods for flexible thin film solar cells: Basic concepts and working principles. Acs Nano, 2014. 8(9): p. 8746-8756.
111. Sun, Y. and J.A. Rogers, Fabricating semiconductor nano/microwires and transfer printing ordered arrays of them onto plastic substrates. Nano Letters, 2004. 4(10): p. 1953-1959.
112. Ji, S., et al., Molecular transfer printing using block copolymers. ACS nano, 2010.
4(2): p. 599-609.
113. Loo, Y.-L., et al., Interfacial chemistries for nanoscale transfer printing. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2002. 124(26): p. 7654-7655.
114. Meitl, M.A., et al., Transfer printing by kinetic control of adhesion to an elastomeric stamp. Nature materials, 2006. 5(1): p. 33-38.
115. Song, D., et al., High-resolution transfer printing of graphene lines for fully printed, flexible electronics. ACS nano, 2017. 11(7): p. 7431-7439.
116. Espinha, A., et al., Hydroxypropyl cellulose photonic architectures by soft nanoimprinting lithography. Nature photonics, 2018. 12(6): p. 343-348.
117. Doria, G., et al., Noble metal nanoparticles for biosensing applications. Sensors, 2012. 12(2): p. 1657-1687.
118. Lim, T.-C. and S. Ramakrishna, A conceptual review of nanosensors. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A, 2006. 61(7-8): p. 402-412.
119. Pulikkathodi, A.K., et al., A comprehensive model for whole cell sensing and transmembrane potential measurement using FET biosensors. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2018. 7(7): p. Q3001.
120. Syu, Y.-C., W.-E. Hsu, and C.-T. Lin, Field-effect transistor biosensing: Devices and clinical applications. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2018. 7(7): p. Q3196.
121. Croce, R.A., et al., A miniaturized transcutaneous system for continuous glucose monitoring. Biomedical microdevices, 2013. 15(1): p. 151-160.
122. Choleau, C., et al., Calibration of a subcutaneous amperometric glucose sensor implanted for 7 days in diabetic patients: Part 2. Superiority of the one-point calibration method. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2002. 17(8): p. 647-654.
123. Frost, M. and M.E. Meyerhoff, In vivo chemical sensors: tackling biocompatibility. 2006, ACS Publications.
124. Linke, B., et al., Amperometric biosensor for in vivo glucose sensing based on glucose oxidase immobilized in a redox hydrogel. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 1994. 9(2): p. 151- 158.
125. Lam, C.-w., et al., A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Critical reviews in toxicology, 2006. 36(3): p. 189-217.
126. Chang, Y., et al., In vitro toxicity evaluation of graphene oxide on A549 cells.
Toxicology letters, 2011. 200(3): p. 201-210.
127. Sohaebuddin, S.K., et al., Nanomaterial cytotoxicity is composition, size, and cell type dependent. Particle and fibre toxicology, 2010. 7(1): p. 22.
128. Alkilany, A.M. and C.J. Murphy, Toxicity and cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles: what we have learned so far? Journal of nanoparticle research, 2010. 12(7): p. 2313-2333.
129. Hardman, R., A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environmental health perspectives, 2006. 114(2): p. 165- 172.
130. Hoshino, A., S. Hanada, and K. Yamamoto, Toxicity of nanocrystal quantum dots: the relevance of surface modifications. Archives of toxicology, 2011. 85(7): p. 707.
131. Tsoi, K.M., et al., Are quantum dots toxic? Exploring the discrepancy between cell culture and animal studies. Accounts of chemical research, 2013. 46(3): p. 662-671.
132. Su, B., et al., Gold–silver–graphene hybrid nanosheets-based sensors for sensitive amperometric immunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein using nanogold-enclosed titania nanoparticles as labels. Analytica chimica acta, 2011. 692(1-2): p. 116-124.
133. Liang, K.-Z., et al., Biomolecules/gold nanowires-doped sol–gel film for label-free electrochemical immunoassay of testosterone. Journal of biochemical and biophysical methods, 2008. 70(6): p. 1156-1162.
134. Yang, H., et al., Electrochemical immunosensor for detecting carcinoembryonic antigen using hollow Pt nanospheres-labeled multiple enzyme-linked antibodies as labels for signal amplification. Biochemical engineering journal, 2011. 56(3): p. 116-124.
135. Chen, S., et al., Electrochemical sensing platform based on tris (2, 2′-bipyridyl) cobalt (III) and multiwall carbon nanotubes–Nafion composite for immunoassay of carcinoma antigen-
125. Electrochimica acta, 2009. 54(28): p. 7242-7247.
136. Gao, X., et al., One step electrochemically deposited nanocomposite film of chitosan– carbon nanotubes–gold nanoparticles for carcinoembryonic antigen immunosensor application. Talanta, 2011. 85(4): p. 1980-1985.
137. Li, W., et al., Reagentless amperometric cancer antigen 15-3 immunosensor based on enzyme-mediated direct electrochemistry. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2010. 25(11): p. 2548- 2552.
138. Li, H., et al., Electrochemical immunosensor with N-doped graphene-modified electrode for label-free detection of the breast cancer biomarker CA 15-3. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2013. 43: p. 25-29.
139. Du, D., et al., Sensitive immunosensor for cancer biomarker based on dual signal amplification strategy of graphene sheets and multienzyme functionalized carbon nanospheres. Analytical chemistry, 2010. 82(7): p. 2989-2995.
140. Hu, M., et al., Ultrasensitive, multiplexed detection of cancer biomarkers directly in serum by using a quantum dot-based microfluidic protein chip. ACS nano, 2010. 4(1): p. 488-494.
141. Zhang, B., et al., Nanogold-functionalized magnetic beads with redox activity for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Analytica chimica acta, 2012. 711: p. 17-23.
142. Tlili, C., et al., Label-free, chemiresistor immunosensor for stress biomarker cortisol in saliva. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2011. 26(11): p. 4382-4386.
143. Malhotra, R., et al., Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for oral cancer biomarker IL-6 using carbon nanotube forest electrodes and multilabel amplification. Analytical chemistry, 2010. 82(8): p. 3118-3123.
144. Wang, H., et al., Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for prostate-specific antigen based on silver hybridized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Analytical biochemistry, 2013. 434(1): p. 123-127.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
