Gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphism (rs 1042838) of progesterone receptor gene in Iraqi females with recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/8anyb422Keywords:
gene expression, polymorphism, progesterone receptor, recurrent spontaneous abortionAbstract
The proposal target was determining the gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1042838 G>T) of progesterone receptor gene in blood sample of recurrent spontaneous abortion RSA Iraqi females. Fifty females (n=50) with RSA consulted Al-Elwiya teaching hospital from February to June 2019 and apparently healthy fertile control (n=50) were enrolled. Following the serum hormonal assay, DNA and RNA were extracted from leucocytes to detriment the SNP and gene expression were carried out by (RT-q PCR). The results showed significant disruption of hormones between the two groups and non -significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean of threshold cycle(ΔCt) of progesterone receptor gene between female with RSA and control. Assessing the 2־ΔΔCt in female with RSA showed non -significant increased expression of folding in progesterone receptor m RNA compared with control. The genotypes and allele frequencies in the two groups showed significant decrease in the mutant (TT) genotype frequency in female with RSA. In conclusion, up-regulation of progesterone receptor gene expression was observed in female with RSA, the mutant genotype may play as protective SNP against RSA.
Downloads
References
1. Pokale, Y. S. (2015). Recurrent miscarriage. International Research Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(9), 13–19.
2. Laycock, J. F., & Wise, P. H. (1996). Essential Endocrinology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
3. Al-Asmakh, M. (2007). Reproductive functions of progesterone. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 12(3).
4. Kruz, C., Tempfer, C. B., Boecskoer, S., Unfried, G., Nagele, F., & Hefler, L. A. (2001). The PROGINS progesterone receptor gene polymorphism and idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, 8(5), 295–298.
5. Leonhardt, S. A., Boonyaratanakornkit, V., & Edwards, D. P. (2003). Progesterone receptor transcription and non-transcription signaling mechanisms. Steroids, 68, 761–767.
6. Tsai, M. J., & O’Malley, B. W. (1994). Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 63, 451–486.
7. Spitz, I. M., & Bardin, C. W. (1995). Mifepristone (RU486)—a modulator of progestin and glucocorticoid action. New England Journal of Medicine, 329, 404–412.
8. Cramer, D. W., Hornstein, M. D., McShana, P., Powers, R. D., & Lescault, P. J. (2003). Human progesterone receptor polymorphism and implantation failure after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 18, 1085–1092.
9. Romano, A., Delvoux, B., Fischer, D. C., & Groothuis, P. (2004). The PROGINS polymorphism of the human progesterone receptor diminishes the response to progesterone. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 50.
10. De Vivo, I., Huggins, G. S., Hankinson, S. E., Lescault, P. J., Boezen, M., Colditz, G. A., & Hunter, D. J. (2002). Functional polymorphism in the promoter of the progesterone receptor gene associated with endometrial cancer risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 12263–12268.
11. Agoulink, I. U., Tong, X. W., Fischer, D. C., Korner, K., Atkinson, N. E., & Edwards, D. P. (2004). A germline variation in the progesterone receptor gene increases transcriptional activity and may modify ovarian cancer risk. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 7.
12. SAS Institute Inc. (2012). Statistical Analysis System (SAS) User’s Guide, Version 9.1. Cary, NC, USA.
13. Fernandes, M. S., et al. (2005). Regulated expression of putative membrane progestin receptor homologues in human endometrium and gestational tissues. Journal of Endocrinology, 187(1), 89–101.
14. Hickman, T. N., et al. (2002). Decreased progesterone receptor expression in the intermediate trophoblastic cells of spontaneous abortions. Fertility and Sterility, 77(5), 1001–1005.
15. Rahnama, R., Rafiee, M., Fouladi, S., Fakhrabadi, M. A., Mehrabian, F., & Rezaei, A. (2019). Gene expression analysis of membrane progesterone receptors in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion: A case-control study. BMC Research Notes, 12.
16. Guiochon-Mantel, A., Lescop, P., Christin-Maitre, S., Loosfelt, H., Perrot-Applanat, M., & Milgrom, E. (1991). Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the progesterone receptor. EMBO Journal, 10(12), 3851–3859.
17. Misrahi, M., Venencie, P. Y., Saugier-Veber, P., Sar, S., Dessen, P., & Milgrom, E. (1993). Structure of the human progesterone receptor gene. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1216(2), 289–292.
18. Tetel, M. J., Jung, S., Carbajo, P., Ladtkow, T., Skafar, D. F., & Edwards, D. P. (1997). Hinge and amino-terminal sequences contribute to solution dimerization of human progesterone receptor. Molecular Endocrinology, 11(8), 1114–1128.
19. Schwcikert, A., Rau, T., Berkholz, A., Allera, A., Daufeldt, S., & Wildt, L. (2004). Association of progesterone receptor polymorphism with recurrent abortions. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 113, 67–72.
20. Su, M., Lee, I., Chen, Y., & Kuo, P. L. (2010). Association of progesterone receptor polymorphism with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss in Taiwanese Han population. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 28, 239–243.
21. Aruna, M., Nagaraja, T., Andal, S., Tarakeswari, S., Sirisha, P. V., & Reddy, A. G. (2010). Role of progesterone receptor polymorphism in recurrent spontaneous abortion: Indian case. PLoS ONE.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
