Emotional Correlates of Psychological Well Being Among Young Adults
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/0h3f7p84Keywords:
Emotional regulation, positive affect, negative affectAbstract
In the modern world young adults have many problems that are related to various areas of life, such as educational, social, and economical. These problems have a negative impact on their mental and physical health. Psychological well-being of young adults is determined by various personality attributes such as emotional regulation, positive affect, and negative affect. Some of these personality attributes promote psychological well-being of young adults, such as emotional regulation and positive affect, whereas negative affect is associated with declined psychological well-being of young adults. There is several research conducted in the area of positive psychology that focuses on the role of emotional regulation and positive affect in the prevention of physical illness and mental disorders. Negative affect produces negative feelings such as anxiety, distress, and sadness, which have negative relations with the physical health and psychological well-being of young adults. The present study examines how emotional regulation, positive affect, and negative affect relate to psychological well-being. The sample of the present study consists of 600 young adults. The sample of the present study is further divided into 300 male and 300 female young adults. The Emotional Regulation Questionnaire by J. J. Gross & O. P. John (2003) was used for measuring the emotional regulation abilities of research participants. The Positive-Negative Affect Schedule by Watson & Clark and Tellegen (1988) was used for assessment of the positive-negative affective state of mind, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale by Carol D. Ryff (1989) was used for assessment of the psychological well-being of young adults. Descriptive statistics, the t-test, and the Pearson product moment method of correlation were used for analysis of data. The results of the present investigation show significant gender differences among the young adults in overall score of psychological well-being, dimensions of emotional regulation, and positive-negative affect. The findings of the present research also reveal that emotional regulation and positive affect are significantly associated with the psychological well-being of young adults.
Downloads
References
1. Audrain‐McGovern, J., Rodriguez, D., &Leventhal, A. M. (2015). Gender differences in the relationship between affect and adolescent smoking uptake. Addiction, 110(3), 519-529.
2. Balzarotti, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2010). An Italian adaptation of the emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment.
3. Batz, C., & Tay, L. (2018). Gender differences in subjective well-being. Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF.
4. Cole, D. A., Peeke, L., Dolezal, S., Murray, N., & Canzoniero, A. (1999). A longitudinal study of negative
affect and self-perceived competence in young adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(4), 851.
5. Davis, B. (2005). Mediators of the relationship between hope and well-being in older adults. Clinical Nursing Research, 14(3), 253-272.
6. Davis, T. S., Mauss, I. B., Lumian, D., Troy, A. S., Shallcross, A. J., Zarolia, P., & McRae, K. (2014). Emotional reactivity and emotion regulation among adults with a history of self-harm: Laboratory selfreport and functional MRI evidence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(3), 499.
7. Del Castillo-Aparicio, M., Moreno-Rosset, C., Diaz, M. D. D., & Ramirez-Ucles, I. (2009). Gender differences in affect, emotional maladjustment and adaptive resources in infertile couples: a positive approach. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5, 39-46.
8. Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M., & Zhou, R. (2016). Gender differences in emotional response: Inconsistency between experience and expressivity. PloS one, 11(6).
9. Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1997). Measuring quality of life: Economic, social, and subjective indicators. Social indicators research, 40(1-2), 189-216.
10. Fischer, A. H., Kret, M. E., & Broekens, J. (2018). Gender differences in emotion perception and selfreported emotional intelligence: A test of the emotion sensitivity hypothesis. PloS one, 13(1).
11. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218.
12. Friedman, E. M., Hayney, M., Love, G. D., Singer, B. H., & Ryff, C. D. (2007). Plasma interleukin-6 and soluble IL-6 receptors are associated with psychological well-being in aging women. Health Psychology, 26(3), 305.
13. Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: the case for emotional intensity. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(3), 427.
14. Gardener, E. K., Carr, A. R., MacGregor, A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2013). Sex differences and emotion regulation: an event-related potential study. PloS one, 8(10).
15. Gómez-Baya, D., Lucia-Casademunt, A. M., & Salinas-Pérez, J. A. (2018). Gender differences in psychological well-being and health problems among European health professionals: Analysis of psychological basic needs and job satisfaction. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(7), 1474.
16. Gresham, D., & Gullone, E. (2012). Emotion regulation strategy use in children and adolescents: The explanatory roles of personality and attachment. Personality and individual differences, 52(5), 616-621.
17. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 348.
18. Haga, S. M., Kraft, P., & Corby, E. K. (2009). Emotion regulation: Antecedents and well-being outcomes of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in cross-cultural samples. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(3), 271-291.
19. Karademas, E. C. (2007). Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 277-287.
20. Keyes, C. L. M., & Ryff, C. D. (1999). Psychological well-being in midlife. In Life in the middle (pp. 161-180). Academic Press.
21. Larsen, R. J., & Prizmic, Z. (2008). Regulation of emotional well-being. The science of subjective wellbeing, 258-89.
22. Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Osborne, G., & Hurling, R. (2009). Measuring happiness: The higher order factor structure of subjective and psychological well-being measures. Personality and individual differences, 47(8), 878-884.
23. Lutgendorf, S. K., Garand, L., Buckwalter, K. C., Reimer, T. T., Hong, S. Y., & Lubaroff, D. M. (1999). Life stress, mood disturbance, and elevated interleukin-6 in healthy older women. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biomedical Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54(9), M434-M439.
24. Maes, M., Song, C., Lin, A., De Jongh, R., Van Gastel, A., Kenis, G., ... & Demedts, P. (1998). The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th1-like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine, 10(4), 313-318.
25. Matud, M. P., López-Curbelo, M., & Fortes, D. (2019). Gender and psychological wellbeing. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3531.
26. McRae, K., Jacobs, S. E., Ray, R. D., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Individual differences in reappraisal ability: Links to reappraisal frequency, well-being, and cognitive control. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(1), 2-7.
27. Mortazavizadeh, Z., & Forstmeier, S. (2018). The role of emotion regulation in the association of adult attachment and mental health: A systematic review. Archives of Psychology, 2(9).
28. Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2011). Happiness is in our nature: Exploring nature relatedness as a contributor to subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(2), 303-322.
29. Ostir, G. V., Markides, K. S., Black, S. A., & Goodwin, J. S. (2000). Emotional well‐being predicts subsequent functional independence and survival. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(5), 473-478.
30. Perez, J. A. (2012). Gender difference in psychological well-being among Filipino college student samples. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(13), 84-93.
31. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
32. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069.
33. Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of happiness studies, 9(1), 13-39.
34. Schäfer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2017). Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of youth and adolescence, 46(2), 261-276.
35. Steptoe, A., Wardle, J., & Marmot, M. (2005). Positive affect and health-related neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory processes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(18), 6508-6512.
36. Timmers, M., Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. (1998). Gender differences in motives for regulating emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(9), 974-985.
37. Vázquez, C., Hervás, G., Rahona, J. J., & Gómez, D. (2009). Psychological well-being and health. Contributions of positive psychology. Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(2009), 15-27.
38. Verzeletti, C., Zammuner, V. L., Galli, C., & Agnoli, S. (2016). Emotion regulation strategies and psychosocial well-being in adolescence. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1199294.
39. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology, 97(3), 346.
40. Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. (1989). Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological bulletin, 106(2), 249.
41. Yadav, E., & Chanana, S. (2018). Emotional Regulation and Well-Being among Elderly, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publication, Volume 8, Issue 2,196-200.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
