Business Ethics Education in Bahrain: Staff Perceptions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/rd3rxs19Keywords:
Business ethics, Education, Ethical Decision Making, GenderAbstract
Corporate scandals early in the twenty first century have directed to repeated calls for business ethics education. The main purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of business faculty at universities in Bahrain regarding the importance, coverage, instructing techniques and barriers to business ethics education. A questionnaire survey was used to collect the data. Using descriptive statistics and the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, the results show that business ethics education is important because it "encourages students to learn ethical values" and "develops sense of integrity and honesty on students". In addition, respondents perceive cases as the most important method to teach ethics and they did not perceive any significant barriers to teaching business ethics. Most respondents prefer to integrate ethics in all business courses. Finally, there were no significant differences between gender, age and ethical decision making behavior and gender and instructing techniques. Based on the findings, it is recommended that all colleges of business in Bahrain should include business ethics as a compulsory course for all business majors.
Downloads
References
[1] Al-Kazemi, A.A. and Zajac, G. (1999). Ethics sensitivity and awareness withinorganizations in Kuwait: An empirical exploration of espoused theory and theory-in-use. Journal of Business Ethics, 20(4), 353-361.
[2] Al-Khatib, J.A., Robertson, C.J., Stanton, A.D. and Vitell, S. J. (2002). Business ethics in the Arab Gulf States: A three country study, International Business Review, 11 (1).
[3] Arce, D. G. and Gentile M. C. (2015). Giving voice to values as a leverage point in business ethics education. Journal of Business Ethics, 131 (3), 535-542.
[4] Aspen Institute. (2012). Beyond Grey Pinstripes 2011-2012 Top 100 MBA Programs. Retrieved from Aspen Institute: URLhttps://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/beyond- grey-pinstripes-2011-2012-top-100-mba-programs/
[5] Bampton, R., and Maclagan, P. (2009). Does a ‘care orientation’ explain gender differences in ethical decision making? A critical analysis and fresh findings. Business Ethics: A European Review, 18(2), 179-191.
[6] Bampton, C. and C.J. Cowton (2002). Teaching of ethics in management accounting. Busines ethics.
[7] Bass, Kenneth, Tim Barnett and Gene Brown (1999). Individual difference variables,ethical judgements,andethical behaviour intention. Business ethics quarterly, Vol. 2, No.2, pp. 183- 205.
[8] Bealman (2013). Certified Public Accountant Education and Ethical Decision Making Preparedness: a Phenomenological Study Exploring the Connection. Liberty University.
[9] Beu, D. S, M, Buckley Rodald and M.G. Harvey (2003). Ethical decision making: A multidimensional construct, Business Ethics: A European Review, 12(1), 88-197.
[10] Buff, C., and Yonkers, V. (2004). How will they know right from wrong?
[11] Cagle, Julie A. B., Glasgo, Philip W.,and Holmes, Vanessa M. (2008). Using Ethics Vignettes in inroductory Finance classes:Impact on Ethical perceptions of undergraduate business students,Journal of Business Education
[12] Caldwell, Cam (2010). A ten-step model fro acdemic intergrity. Journal of Business Ethics.
[13] Carlson and Burke (1998). Lessons learned from ethics in the classs room exploring student growth in Flexibility,complexity and comprehension. Journal of Business Ethics.
[14] Carroll and Buchholtz (2012). Business and society.
[15] Chan R.Y., Cheng L.T. And Szeto R.W. (2002). The dynamics of guanxi and ethics for Chinese executives, Journal of Business Ethics, 41(4), 327-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021230831161.
[16] Christensen, L., E. Peirce, L. Hartman, W. (2007). Ethics, CSR, and Sustainability Education in the Financial Times. Journal of Business Ethics, Spring, 73: 347-368.
[17] Comer and Vega (2005). An experiential excercise that introdeuces the concept of personal ethical threshold to develop moral courage. Journal of Business ethics education.
[18] Conroy, H. (2000). 101 ways to intergrate personal development into core curriculum.
[19] Costouros, Teresa (2017). Gender and ethical decision making in the general insurance industry, Journal of Bahvioral Studies in Business, June.
[20] Crane, F. G. (2004). The teaching of business ethics: An imperative at business schools for Business. Journal of Education, 79 (3), 149–151.
[21] Cummings, Rhoda, Steve Harlow and Cleborne D. Maddux (2007). Moral reasoning of in- service and pre-service teacher: A review of research, Journal of Moral Education, Vol.36, No.1.
[22] Dawson, L. M. (1997). Ethical differences between men and women in the sales profession, Journal of Business Ethics, 16(1), 1143-1152.
[23] Day, A. (2011). Using unfolding case studies in a subject-centeed classroom. Jounal of Nursing Education.
[24] Dweck and Leggett. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality.
Psychological Review.
[25] Eagly, A. (1987). Sex differences in Social behaviour:A Social role Interpretation. Hillslade
N.J Erlbaum.
[26] Eggen, E. and Kauchak, B. (2010). EducationaL Psychology. In windows on classrooms.
[27] Elder, Linda and Paul Richard (2002). Critical Thinking:teaching students how to study and learn. Journal of Developmental Education, 34-35.
[28] Etzioni, A. (2002). B399—when it comes to ethics, B-schools get an F . (p. B4).
[29] Evans, J. M., L. K. Trevino and G. R. Weaver (2008). Views and importance of business ethics education. Journal of business ethics education, 43-56.
[30] Falkenberg, J. and Woiceshyn, H. (2008). Enhancing business Ethics. Jounal of Business Ethics.
[31] Fisher, l. and Swanson, P. (2008). Advancing Business Ethics Education. Jourbal of Business Ethics Education.
[32] Floyd, Lary A., Feng Xu, Ryan Atkinson and Cam Caldwell (2013). Ethical outcomes and business ethics: Towards impovimg business ethics education, Journal of Business Ethics, 117 (4).
[33] Freeman, R. Edward (2007). Managing for Stakeholders. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1186402 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1186402
[34] Gadner, J.W. (1993). On leadership.
[35] Gandes and Hayes (1988). Teaching Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 657-669.
[36] Gentile, M. C. (2017). Giving voice to values: A pedagogy for behavioral ethics. Journal of Management Education, 469–479.
[37] Gentile, M. C. (2014). Giving voice to values: an action-oriented approach to values-driven leadership. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 42.
[38] Godsey, M. (2007).Ethics education, Journal of Business Ethics Education, 4, 55-77.
[39] Goldstein, I.L., Ford, J.K. (2002) Training in organizations. Wadsworth; Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
[40] Gu, J. and Neesham. (2014). Moral identity as a leverage point in teaching Business ethics.
Journal of Business Ethics.
[41] Hartman, M. and Werhane, K. (2009). Amodular approach to business ethics intergration.
Journal of Business Ethics, 295-300.
[42] Haws, D. R. (2001). Ethics instruction in Engineering students. Journal of Engineering stdents.
[43] Heller, N. and Heller, V. ( 2011). “Business ethics education: Are business schools teaching to the AACSB ethics education task force recommendations”. International Journal of Business and Social Science,, 30-38.
[44] Jacoby, B. (1996). Service-Learning in today's higher education.
[45] Katz, Adolph (1990). The status of business ethics in business school curricula, Information and Management, 18 (3), March, 123-130.
[46] Karns, G. ( 2005). ‘An Update of Marketing Student Perceptions of Learning Activities: Structure, Preferences and Effectiveness’. Journal of Marketing Education, 163-171.
[47] Kennedy, M. J. and L. C. Horn. (2007). ‘Thoughts on Ethics Education in the Business School Environment:An Interview with Dr. Jerry Trapnell, AACSB’. Journal of Academic Ethics, 77– 84.
[48] Kidwell, J. M., Stevens, R. E., and Bethke, A. L. (1987). Differences in ethical perception between male and female managers: Myth or reality? Journal of Business Ethics, 6(6), 489- 493.
[49] Kim, S., Phillips, W. R., Pinsky, L., Brock, D., Phillips, K., and Keary, J. (2006). A conceptual framework for developing teaching cases: A review and synthesis of the literature across disciplines. Medical Education, 40, 867-876.
[50] Lau, Cubie L.L. (2010). A step forward: Ethics Education Matters, Journal of Business Ethics, 92 (4), 565-584, April.
[51] Leners, D., Roehrs, C. and Piccone, A. (2006). “Tracking the development of professional values in undergraduate nursing students”. Journal of Nursing Education, 504-511.
[52] Lisman, D.C. (1996). The curricular intergration of ethics. Theory and practice.
[53] Locke, E. A. (2006). ‘Business Ethics: A Way Out of the Morass’. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 324–332.
[54] Lucas, Ana and Luis Lima, Santos (2019). Ethics in the accounting profession: A gender and age comparative study, Journal of Social Sciences and Art, Issue 1.
[55] Mannison (2009). A list of Instructional strategies. Retrieved from http://www.ok.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd-linstr/categ/html
[56] Mason, E.S. and P.E. Mudrack (1996). Gender and ethical orientation: A test of gender and occupational socialization theories, Journal of Business Ethics, 15(6), 599-604.
[57] McCabe, A Catherine, Ingram, Rhea and Dato-on, Mary Conway (2006). The Business of Ethics and Gender, Journal of Business Ethics, 64:101-116.
[58] McDonald, G. M. (2004). A Case Example: Integrating Ethics into the AcademicBusiness Curriculum. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 4, 371-384.
[59] McDonough, (2007). Motivation in ELT. Oxford ELT Journal.
[60] McManus, L. and Subramaniam, N. (2009). Ethical evaluations and behavioural intentions of early career accountants: the impact of mentors, peers and individual attributes. Accounting and Finance, 49 (3), 619-664.
[61] Merritt, J. (2003). Business Week. ‘Why Ethics is Also B-School Business’, 105.Michael Boylan and James A. Donahue. (2003). Ethics across the curriculum. Lanham.
[62] Naimi, S. (2007). startegies fro teaching research ethics in Business,Management and organisational studies. Electronic jounal of Business Reserch method.
[63] Navran, F. J. (2010). Defining values, morals, and ethics. Retrieved June 7, 2015, from www.navran.com/article-values-morals-ethics.html.
[64] Nguyen, Nhung T., Smith, William, P., Basuray, M. Tom and Donald Kopka(2008). Moral issues and gender differences in ethical judgement using Reidenbach and Robin's. Journal of Business Ethics, 417-430.
[65] Nicolson, T. and DeMoss, K. (2009). Teaching Ethics and social Responsibility. Journal of Education for Business.
[66] Nikoomaram, Hisham, Fraydoon Rahnamay Roodposhti, Abbas Toloie EshlaghyFarhad,Lotfi and Yousef Taghipourian (2013). The effect of gender, education level and work experience of accountant on ethical decision making by using fuzzy logic, unpublished conference paper, January.
[67] Nonis and Swift (2001). Personl value profiles and ethical business decisions. Journal of Education and Business.
[68] Norman (2011). Meeting the educational needs of all students. Office of education.
[69] Oddo, (1997). A Frame work for teaching Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics.Patrick,G.C. (2009). Curriculum implementation and instruction. Journal of Emerging trends in Educational Research and policy studies.
[70] O’Leary, C. (2009). An empirical analysis of the positive impact of ethics teaching on accounting students, Accounting Education: an International Journal, 18 (4/5), p. 505– 520.
[7] Phillips, M. (2003). ‘College Courses Offer Basics for Dealing Ethically in Business’. Retrieved December 2, 2003, from Business Journals: tp://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2003/02/04/focus2.html
[72] Pierce, Jason R. (2014). Sex and gender in ethical decision making: A critical review and recommendations for future research. Academy of Management Proceedings, (1) 997-982.
[73] Pilant, J. (2010). Using Films to Teach Business Ethics. Available at ttp://southwerk.wordpress.com/2010/08/17/using-film-to-teach-business-ethics/ (accessed January 31, 2013).
[74] Piper, Thomas R. (2015). Can ethics be taught? Perspectives, challenges, and approaches at Harvard Business School.
[75] Ritter, B. (2006). Can business ethics be trained? A study of the ethical decision-making process in business students. Journal of Business Ethics, 68, 153-164.doi:10.1007/s10551-006- 9062-0
[76] Rogers, C. (2011). Baylor Business Review. Teaching Ethics.
[77] Ronald R. Sims,Serbrenia J. Sims. (1991). Increasing applied business ethics courses in business school curricula. Business Ethics, 211-219.
[78] Roxas, M. L. and J.Y. Stoneback (2004). The importance of gender across cultures in ethical decision making, Journal of Business Ethics 50, 149-165.
[79] Russell, John ( 2006). ‘Breaking into the Mainstream. Ethical Corporation Special Report-
Corporate
[80] Saat, M. M., Porter, S., and Woodbine, G. (2010). An exploratory study of the impact of Malaysian ethics education on ethical sensitivity. Journal of Business Ethics Education, 39– 62.
[81] Schuder, Karen (2014). Quantitative study of business ethics education: Preparing leaders to make ethical decisions, Unpublished Masters thesis.
[82] Sims and Felton. (2006). Designing and delivering Business Ethics teaching and learning.
Journal of Business Ethics.
[83] Sims,R.R. (2004). A case study of ethics across curriculum. Teaching Business ethics.
[84] Skinner, E. A., Kindermann, T. A., Connell, J. P., and Wellborn, J. G. (2008). Engagement and Disaffection in the classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology.
[85] Smith, P.L. and E.F. Oakely, III (1997). Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: Implications for management, Journal of Business Ethics 16, 37- 45.
[86] Smith,C.M. (2008). Does service learning promote adult development? New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education.
[87] Smuncy, D. (2010).). ‘Be My Guest: Guest Lectures Enhance Student Learning & Provide Faculty. Retrieved january 12, 2019, from deoracle.org: http://deoracle.org/online- pedagogy/teachingstrategies/be-my-guest.html, February.
[88] Spence, J.T. (1993). Gender-related traits and gender idiology: Evidence for a multifactorial theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64(4), 624-635.
[89] Swanson and Fisher. (2011). Assesing business ethics education. Advancing business ethics education.
[90] Tanner. A. (2004). University of IOWA. Retrieved from Business college curriculum emphasizes ethical issues.Taylor-Bianco, A. and D. Deeter-Schmelz. (2007). ‘An Exploration of Gender and Cultural Differences in MBA Students’ Cheating Behavior: Implications for the Classroom’. Journal of Teaching in International Business, 81–99.
[91] Trevino and Nelson (2010). Managing Business ethics.
[92] Varma, Sadanand (2019). Why learn business ethics?—Students’ conceptions of the use and exchange value of applied business ethics. Asian Journal of Business Ethics, 107–125.
[93] Victora, N. and, Afsaneh, L. (2006). Using live cases to teach ethics. Journal of Business Ethics.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
