METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS COMPONENTS IN FORMER ATHLETES: A REVIEW

Authors

  • Zayed M Altowerqi M.S.c Faculty of Education, Physical Education Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia,Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Education, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Author
  • Zainal Abidin bin Zainuddin P.h.D, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Education, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Author
  • Asha Hasnimy Binti Mohd Hashim P.h.D, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Education, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Author
  • Sameer M Sayyd M.A , Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, School of Education, University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia , Faculty of Education, Physical Education Department, Taibah University, Almadinah Almonawarah, Saudi Arabia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61841/6448dp93

Keywords:

Metabolic  syndrome, Former  athletes., Cardiovascular  disease.  Type  2  Diabetes., Obesity/Overweight.

Abstract

The benefits of physical activity on health are obvious in spite of the effects of participating in vigorous exercises and competitive sports in which they still remain uncertain. The present study examines the widespread presence of the syndrome and its components among former athletes, who were involved in various kind of sports. It also examines the relationship between long-term vigorous exercise training and metabolic syndrome rates and its components. The study examined 18 articles related to epidemiological studies and these articles were grouped based on the type of sport the article focused. The findings have shown that former athletes who participated in endurance training and who also participated in mixed sports have low prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components when compared to the normal population. The findings also indicate that lower cardiovascular disease mortality is one of the main reasons for the lower metabolic syndrome percentages. On the contrary, for the former power athletes the results of researches are inconsistent. When former athletes engage in mixed sports the finding of researches show their metabolic rates are lower than the normal population. To conclude, long-term high intensity training is related to the decreasing rate of metabolic syndrome in specific groups of athletes.

 

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Aadahl, M., Kjær, M., & Jørgensen, T. (2007). Associations between overall physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors in an adult population, 369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-006-9100-3

2. Aljabri, K. S., Bokhari, S. A., Alshareef, M. A., & Khan, P. M. (2018). Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Saudi Population, 1(3), 45–53.

3. Alsolami, B., & Embi, M. R. (2018). Crowding perception: A case study of developed systematic literature review procedure with multiple software programs as management and synthesis tools. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.10), 121-126.

4. Arliani, G. G., Lara, P. S., Astur, D. C., Cohen, M., Gonçalves, J. P. P., & Ferretti, M. (2014). Impact of sports on health of former professional soccer players in Brazil. Acta Ortopédica Brasileira, 22(4), 188–190. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-78522014220400954

5. Bäckmand, H., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U. M., Sarna, S., & Fogelholm, M. (2006). Physical and psychological functioning of daily living in relation to physical activity. A longitudinal study among former elite male athletes and controls. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03324639

6. Batista, C., & Soares, J. M. (2013). Are former elite athletes more protected against metabolic syndrome? Journal of Cardiology, 61(6), 440–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.01.011

7. Batista, C., & Soares, J. M. (2014). Is athletic background associated with a future lower prevalence of risk factors for chronic disease? Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness, 12(2), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2014.06.001

8. Chang, A. Y., FitzGerald, S. J., Cannaday, J., Zhang, S., Patel, A., Palmer, M. D., … Levine, B. D. (2009). Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Retired National Football League Players. American Journal of Cardiology, 104(6), 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.008

9. Chou, S. W., Lai, C. H., Hsu, T. H., Cho, Y. M., Ho, H. Y., Lai, Y. C., … Kuo, C. H. (2005). Characteristics of glycemic control in elite power and endurance athletes. Preventive Medicine, 40(5), 564–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.07.014

10. Emami, M., Behforouz, A., Jarahi, L., Zarifian, A., Rashidlamir, A., Rashed, M. M., … Ghaneifar, Z. (2018). The Risk of Developing Obesity , Insulin Resistance , and Metabolic Syndrome in Former Power ‑ sports Athletes ‑ Does Sports Career Termination Increase the Risk. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 515–519. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM

11. Gomez-Gallego, F., Ruiz, J. R., Buxens, A., Altmae, S., Artieda, M., Santiago, C., … Lucia, A. (2010). Are elite endurance athletes genetically predisposed to lower disease risk? Physiological Genomics, 41(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00183.2009

12. Gremeaux, V., Gayda, M., Lepers, R., Sosner, P., Juneau, M., & Nigam, A. (2012). Exercise and longevity. Maturitas, 73(4), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.09.012

13. Guo, J., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Guo, Y., & Xie, M. (2013). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its

components among Chinese professional athletes of strength sports with different body weight categories. PLoS ONE, 8(11), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079758

14. Hardman, A., & Stensel, D. (2009). Physical activity and health the evidence explained (Second Edi). London & New York: Routledge Taylor&Francis Group.

15. Haskell, W. L., Lee, I.-M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., & Blair, S. N. (2007). Physical Activity and Public Health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(8), 1423–1434. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27

16. Hu, G., Barengo, N. C., Tuomilehto, J., Lakka, T. a, Nissinen, A., & Jousilahti, P. (2004). Relationship of physical activity and body mass index to the risk of hypertension: a prospective study in Finland. Hypertension, 43(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107400.72456.19

17. Kaur, J. (2014). A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiology Research and Practice, 2014(March). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/943162

18. Laine, M. K., Kujala, R., Eriksson, J. G., Kautiainen, H., Sarna, S., & Kujala, U. M. (2017). Costs of diabetes medication among male former elite athletes in later life. Acta Diabetologica, 54(4), 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-016-0947-9

19. Laine, Merja K., Eriksson, J. G., Kujala, U. M., Wasenius, N. S., Kaprio, J., Bäckmand, H. M., … Sarna, S. (2014). A former career as a male elite athlete — does it protect against type 2 diabetes in later life ? Diabetologia, 57(2), 270–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-3105-8

20. Lemez, S., & Baker, J. (2015). Do Elite Athletes Live Longer? A Systematic Review of Mortality and Longevity in Elite Athletes. Sports Medicine - Open, 1(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0024-x

21. Mackie, B. D., & Zafari, A. M. (2006). Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome, (September), 897– 915.

22. Melekoğlu, T., Sezgin, E., Işın, A., & Türk, A. (2019). The Effects of a Physically Active Lifestyle on the Health of Former Professional Football Players. Sports, 7(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7040075

23. Miller, M. A., Croft, L. B., Belanger, A. R., Romero-Corral, A., Somers, V. K., Roberts, A. J., & Goldman,

M. E. (2008). Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Retired National Football League Players. American Journal of Cardiology, 101(9), 1281–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.12.029

24. O’Neill, S., & O’Driscoll, L. (2015). Metabolic syndrome: A closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies. Obesity Reviews, 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12229

25. Oliveira-Brochado, A., Oliveira-brochado, F., & Brito, P. Q. (2010). Effects of personal, social and environmental factors on physical activity behavior among adults. Políticas de Saúde, 28(1), 7–17.

26. Panayiotoglou, A., Grammatikopoulou, M. G., Maraki, M. I., Chourdakis, M., Gkiouras, K., Theodoridis, X.,

… Hassapidou, M. N. (2017). Metabolic syndrome in retired soccer players: A pilot study. Obesity Medicine, 8, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2017.09.004

27. Philipsen, A., Hansen, A. L. S., JØrgensen, M. E., Brage, Sø., Carstensen, B., Sandbaek, A., … Witte, D. R. (2015). Associations of objectively measured physical activity and abdominal fat distribution. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(5), 983–989. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000504

28. Pihl, E., Zilmer, K., Kullisaar, T., Kairane, C., Pulges, A., & Zilmer, M. (2003). High-sensitive C-reactive protein level and oxidative stress-related status in former athletes in relation to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis, 171(2), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.015

29. Sarna, S., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U. M., & Koskenvuo, M. (1997). Health status of former elite athletes. The

Finnish experience. Aging-Clinical and Experimental Research, 9(1–2), 35–41.

30. Ströhle, A. (2009). Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116(6), 777–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x

31. Sunčica Poček, Trivić, T., Roklicer, R., Ostojić, S. M., Drid, P., Poček, S., … Drid, P. (2018). Long-term outcomes of sports on health status : a mini review. Exercise and Quality of Life, 10(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.31382/eqol.180601

32. Teramoto, M., & Bungum, T. J. (2010). Mortality and longevity of elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(4), 410–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.04.010

33. Thune, I., Njølstad, I., Løchen, M.-L., & Førde, O. H. (1999). Physical activity improves the metabolic risk profiles in men and women: The Tromso study (Archives of Internal Medicine (August 1998) 158 (1633- 1640)). Archives of Internal Medicine, 159(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.1.17

34. Tran-Duy, A., Smerdon, D. C., & Clarke, P. M. (2018). Longevity of outstanding sporting achievers: Mind versus muscle. PLoS ONE, 13(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196938

35. Tucker, A. M., Vogel, R. A., Lincoln, A. E., Dunn, R. E., Ahrensfield, D. C., Allen, T. W., … Yates, A. P. (2009). PrevalenceofCardiovascularDiseaseRiskFactors Among National Football League Players. Public Health, 29(301–20), 2111–2119. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0310

36. Vissers, D., Hens, W., Taeymans, J., Baeyens, J. P., Poortmans, J., & Van Gaal, L. (2013). The Effect of Exercise on Visceral Adipose Tissue in Overweight Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056415

Downloads

Published

30.06.2020

Issue

Vol. 24 No. 6 (2020): 24 (6) 2020

Section

Articles

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

You are free to:

  1. Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
  2. Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
  3. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.

Under the following terms:

  1. Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  2. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

Notices:

You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .

No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.

How to Cite

Altowerqi, Z. M., Zainuddin, Z. A. bin, Hashim, A. H. B. M., & Sayyd, S. M. (2020). METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS COMPONENTS IN FORMER ATHLETES: A REVIEW. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(6), 8819-8835. https://doi.org/10.61841/6448dp93