PREVALENCE OF GINGIVAL HYPERPIGMENTATION AMONG OLDER INDIVIDUALS MORE THAN 40 YEARS OF AGE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/gpr29j46Keywords:
Esthetics, Gingival Hyperpigmentation, Melanin pigmentationAbstract
the basal and suprabasal cell layers of the epithelium. It can also be caused by some systemic disorders. Sometimes pigmentations are due to the skin tone of the particular individual. The prevalence of gingival hyperpigmentation among older individuals still remains an area of study where it should be fully investigated. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of gingival hyperpigmentation among individuals more than 40 years of age. Data retrieved from saveetha dental college. Diagnostic photographs both intra oral frontal and intra oral lateral photographs of 100 patients were retrieved and assessed with the help of SPSS software. The findings of this study shows that there is no age and gender correlation with pigmentation. Thus our study concludes that there is moderate to severe gingival pigmentation among older individuals and it has become one of the esthetic concerns among people. With the emergence of depigmentation treatment as one of the important aray of periodontal therapy.
Downloads
References
[1] Priyanka S, Kaarthikeyan G, Nadathur JD, Mohanraj A, Kavarthapu A. Detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Torque Teno virus in subgingival and atheromatous plaques of cardiac patients with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol [Internet]. 2017 Nov;21(6):456–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jisp.jisp_205_17
[2] Hedin CA, Axéll T. Oral melanin pigmentation in 467 Thai and Malaysian people with special emphasis on smoker’s melanosis. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1991 Jan;20(1):8–12. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1991.tb00879.x
[3] Hedin CA, Pindborg JJ, Axéll T. Disappearance of smoker’s melanosis after reducing smoking. J Oral Pathol Med [Internet]. 1993 May;22(5):228–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.1993.tb01061.x
[4] Tamizí M, Taheri M. Treatment of severe physiologic gingival pigmentation with free gingival autograft. Quintessence [Internet]. 1996;27(8). Available from: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=00336572&AN=38506436
[5] Ramesh A, Vellayappan R, Ravi S, Gurumoorthy K. Esthetic lip repositioning: A cosmetic approach for correction of gummy smile - A case series. J Indian Soc Periodontol [Internet]. 2019 May;23(3):290–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jisp.jisp_548_18
[6] Varghese SS, Thomas H, Jayakumar ND, Sankari M, Lakshmanan R. Estimation of salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. Contemp Clin Dent [Internet]. 2015 Sep;6(Suppl 1):S152–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.166816
[7] Ramesh A, Varghese SS, Jayakumar ND, Malaiappan S. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and periodontitis--unwinding their linking mechanisms. J Oral Biosci [Internet]. 2016;58(1):23–6. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1349007915001103
[8] Ramesh A, Varghese SS, Doraiswamy JN, Malaiappan S. Herbs as an antioxidant arsenal for periodontal diseases. Ethnopharmacol Res [Internet]. 2016 Jan;5(1):92–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160122065556
[9] Ramamurthy J, Mg V. Comparison of Effect of Hiora Mouthwash versus Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Gingivitis Patients: A Clinical Trial. Asian J Pharm Clin [Internet]. 2018;11(7):84–8. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1c22/6e98fc99e9fb99bc749ae5d553024fa93052.pdf
[10] Kavarthapu A, Thamaraiselvan M. Assessing the variation in course and position of inferior alveolar nerve among south Indian population: A cone beam computed tomographic study. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2018 Jul;29(4):405–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_418_17
[11] Khalid W, Vargheese SS, Lakshmanan R, Sankari M, Jayakumar ND. Role of endothelin-1 in periodontal diseases: A structured review. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2016 May;27(3):323–33. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.186247
[12] Khalid W, Varghese SS, Sankari M, Jayakumar ND. Comparison of Serum Levels of Endothelin-1 in Chronic Periodontitis Patients Before and After Treatment. J Clin Diagn Res [Internet]. 2017 Apr;11(4):ZC78–81. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24518.9698
[13] Schroeder HE. Melanin containing organelles in cells of the human gingiva I. Epithelial Melanocytes. J Periodontal Res [Internet]. 1969 Feb;4(1):1–18. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1600-0765.1969.tb01940.x
[14] Ravi S, Malaiappan S, Varghese S, Jayakumar ND, Prakasam G. Additive Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors With Guided Tissue Regeneration in Treatment of Intrabony Defects in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J Periodontol [Internet]. 2017 Sep;88(9):839–45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2017.160824
[15] Mootha A, Malaiappan S, Jayakumar ND, Varghese SS, Toby Thomas J. The Effect of Periodontitis on Expression of Interleukin-21: A Systematic Review. Int J Inflam [Internet]. 2016 Feb 22 [cited 2020 Jun 6];2016. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/iji/2016/3507503/abs/
[16] Panda S, Jayakumar ND, Sankari M, Varghese SS, Kumar DS. Platelet rich fibrin and xenograft in treatment of intrabony defect. Contemp Clin Dent [Internet]. 2014 Oct;5(4):550–4. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.142830
[17] Avinash K, Malaippan S, Dooraiswamy JN. Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells from Different Regions of Oral Cavity Using Markers: A Systematic Review. Int J Stem Cells [Internet]. 2017 May 30;10(1):12–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15283/ijsc17010
[18] Dummett CO, Barens G. Oromucosal pigmentation: an updated literary review. J Periodontol [Internet]. 1971 Nov;42(11):726–36. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.1971.42.11.726
[19] Ciçek Y, Ertaş U. The normal and pathological pigmentation of oral mucous membrane: a review. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2003 Aug 15;4(3):76–86. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12937598
[20] Moravej-Salehi E, Moravej-Salehi E, Hajifattahi F. Relationship of Gingival Pigmentation with Passive Smoking Women. Tanaffos [Internet]. 2015;14(2):107–14. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26528364
[21] Ramesh A, Ravi S, Kaarthikeyan G. Comprehensive rehabilitation using dental implants in generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol [Internet]. 2017 Mar;21(2):160–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jisp.jisp_213_17
[22] Thamaraiselvan M, Elavarasu S, Thangakumaran S, Gadagi JS, Arthie T. Comparative clinical evaluation of coronally advanced flap with or without platelet rich fibrin membrane in the treatment of isolated gingival recession. J Indian Soc Periodontol [Internet]. 2015 Jan;19(1):66–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.145790
[23] Haresaku S, Hanioka T, Tsutsui A, Watanabe T. Association of lip pigmentation with smoking and gingival melanin pigmentation. Oral Dis [Internet]. 2007 Jan;13(1):71–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01249.x
[24] Rosa DSA, Aranha ACC, de Paula Eduardo C, Aoki A. Esthetic treatment of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation with Er: YAG laser: Short-term clinical observations and patient follow-up. J Periodontol [Internet]. 2007;78(10):2018–25. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1902/jop.2007.070041
[25] Prasad SS, Agrawal N, Reddy NR. Gingival depigmentation: A case report. People’s J Sci Res [Internet]. 2010;3(1):27–9. Available from: https://www.pjsr.org/abstract-PDF/Dr.%20Neeraj%20Agrawal.pdf
[26] Prasad D, Sunil S, Mishra R, Sheshadri. Treatment of gingival pigmentation : A case series. Indian J Dent Res [Internet]. 2005 Oct 1 [cited 2020 Jun 6];16(4):171. Available from: http://www.ijdr.in/article.asp?issn=0970-9290;year=2005;volume=16;issue=4;spage=171;epage=176;aulast=Prasad
[27] Farhat Yaasmeen Sadique Basha, Rajeshkumar S, Lakshmi T. Anti-inflammatory activity of Myristica fragrans extract. Int J Res Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2019;10(4):3118–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1607
[28] Araki S, Murata K, Ushio K, Sakai R. Dose-response relationship between tobacco consumption and melanin pigmentation in the attached gingiva. Arch Environ Health [Internet]. 1983 Nov;38(6):375–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1983.10545823
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.