A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF CYBERBULLYING ON SOCIAL NETWORKING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/xkp05d17Keywords:
Retrospective, Cyberbullying, Social NetworkingAbstract
Cyber Era creates internet technology and presents a new phenomenon in the media which has become a new media called social networking. The reputation of online social networks has created a wide range of public communication among users, and this leads to an enormous extent of information generated by users. Over the past few years, cyberbullying has become a major problem for the advance of online communication and social networking. Internet bullying is known as a grave national wellbeing problem among online social network users. This paper focuses on finding the risks of cyberbullying and raising awareness about cyberbullying prevention. The researcher uses secondary sources such as books, magazines, electronic sources, papers, and newspapers. Primary sources, such as interviews and field studies, cannot be done, which the researcher cannot access due to lack of time. Finally, social networks like sharp knives with proper usage, options, and responsibilities, many social networking sites are useful. But if used without responsibility, social media may have a negative impact.
- . a Golbeck, “Computing and applying trust in web-based social networks,” Phys. (N. Y)., vol. 54, no. 1, p. 199, 2005.
- Snakenborg, R. Van Acker, and R. A. Gable, “Cyberbullying: Prevention and Intervention to Protect Our Children and Youth,” Prev. Sch. Fail. Altern. Educ. Child. Youth, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 88–95, 2011.
- K. Smith, J. Mahdavi, M. Carvalho, S. Fisher, S. Russell, and N. Tippett, “Cyberbullying : its nature and impact in secondary school pupils,” vol. 4, pp. 376–385, 2008.
- Ortega, P. Elipe, J. A. Mora-merchán, J. Calmaestra, and E. Vega, “The Emotional Impact on Victims of Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying A Study of Spanish Adolescents,” vol. 217, no. 2006, pp. 197– 204, 2009.
- Rivers and N. Noret, “‘ I h8 u ’: findings from a five-year study of text and email bullying,” vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 643–671, 2010.
- W. Patchin, S. Hinduja, and Y. Violence, “Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying,” Youth Violence Juv. Justice, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 148–169, 2006.
- Li, “Cyberbullying in Schools: A Research of Gender Differences,” Sch. Psychol. Int., vol. 27, no. 2,
- 157–170, 2014.
- Beran, “CYBER-HARASSMENT : A STUDY OF A NEW METHOD FOR AN OLD BEHAVIOR
*,” vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 265–277, 2005.
- M. Kowalski, D. Ph, S. P. Limber, and D. Ph, “Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students,” vol. 41, pp. 22–30, 2007.
- W. Agatston, D. Ph, R. Kowalski, D. Ph, S. Limber, and D. Ph, “Students ’ Perspectives on Cyber Bullying,” vol. 41, pp. 59–60, 2007.
- Hinduja and J. W. Patchin, “Cyberbullying : An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization,” no. November 2014, pp. 37–41.
- A. Campbell, “Cyber Bullying : An Old Problem in a New Guise?,” Aust. J. Guid. Couns., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 68–76, 2005.
- Barlett and S. M. Coyne, “A Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences in Cyber-Bullying behavior: The Moderating Role of Age,” Aggress. Behav., vol. 40, pp. 474–488, 2014.
- Özdemir, “Cyber victimization and adolescent self-esteem : The role of communication with parents,” Asian J. Soc. Psychol., vol. 17, pp. 255–263, 2014.
- Aslanidou and G. Menexes, “Youth and the Internet: Uses and practices in the home,” Comput. Educ., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 1375–1391, 2008.
- Subrahmanyam and P. Greenfield, “Online communication and adolescent relationships,” Futur. Child., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 119–146, 2008.
- Lenhart, M. Madden, and P. Hitlin, “Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation,” Pew Internet Am. Life Proj., pp. 37–45, 2005.
- Juvonen and E. F. Gross, “Extending the school grounds? - Bullying experiences in cyberspace,” J. Sch. Health, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 496–505, 2008.
- L. Ybarra and K. J. Mitchell, “Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver- child relationships, internet use, and personal characteristics,” J. Adolesc., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 319–336, 2004.
- L. Coyle and H. Vaughn, “Social Networking: Communication Revolution or Evolution?,” Bell Labs Tech. J., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 3–18, 2008.
- M. Boyd and N. B. Ellison, “Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship,” J. Comput. Commun., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 210–230, 2007.
- Slonje and P. K. Smith, “Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?: Personality and Social Sciences,” Scand. J. Psychol., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 147–154, 2008.
- Dehue, C. Bolman, and T. Völlink, “Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ Experiences and Parental Perception,” CyberPsychology Behav., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 217–223, 2008.
- Li, “New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools,” Comput. Human Behav., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1777–1791, 2007.
- Bauman, “Cyberbullying : a Virtual Menace,” Natl. Coalit. Against Bullying Natl. Conf., vol. 1, no. November, p. 23, 2007.
- E. Mjaavatn, P. Frostad, and S. J. Pijl, “Adolescents: Differences in friendship patterns related to gender,” Issues Educ. Res., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 45–64, 2016.
- Jacobs, L. Goossens, F. Dehue, T. Völlink, and L. Lechner, “Dutch Cyberbullying Victims’ Experiences, Perceptions, Attitudes and Motivations Related to (Coping with) Cyberbullying: Focus Group Interviews,” Societies, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 43–64, 2015.
- Ging and J. O’Higgins Norman, “Cyberbullying, conflict management or just messing? Teenage girls’ understandings and experiences of gender, friendship, and conflict on Facebook in an Irish second- level school,” Fem. Media Stud., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 805–821, 2016.
- Cassidy, M. Jackson, and K. N. Brown, “Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying,” Sch. Psychol. Int., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 383–402, 2009.
- A. Myers and H. Cowie, “Cyberbullying across the lifespan of education: Issues and interventions from school to university,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 16, no. 7, 2019.
- E. Notar, S. Padgett, and J. Roden, “Cyberbullying : A Review of the Literature,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1– 9, 2013.
- D. Johnson et al., “Cyberbullying on Social Media Among College Students,” Vistas Online, p. 8, 2016.
- Rigby and D. Bagshaw, “What Hurts? The reported consequences of negative interactions with peers among Australian adolescent school children,” Child. Aust., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 36–41, 2001.
- Carroll-Lind, J. W. Chapman, J. Gregory, and G. Maxwell, “The key to the gatekeepers: Passive consent and other ethical issues surrounding the rights of children to speak on issues that concern them,” Child Abus. Negl., vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 979–989, 2006.
- Banks, “Prevalence and Gender Differences of Relational Aggression in High School Students Graduate,” vol. 5, pp. 13–15, 2012.
- Iwanaga, K. Imamura, A. Shimazu, and N. Kawakami, “The impact of being bullied at school on psychological distress and work engagement in a community sample of adult workers in Japan,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1–16, 2018.
- Vandebosch and K. van Cleemput, “Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and
victims,” New Media Soc., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1349–1371, 2009.
- Calvete, I. Orue, A. Estévez, L. Villardón, and P. Padilla, “Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile,” Comput. Human Behav., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1128–1135, 2010.
- M. Kokkinos, N. Antoniadou, A. Asdre, and K. Voulgaridou, “Parenting and Internet Behavior Predictors of Cyber-Bullying and Cyber-Victimization among Preadolescents,” Deviant Behav., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 439–455, 2016.
- Sourander et al., “Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated With Cyberbullying Among Adolescents,”
Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, vol. 67, no. 7, p. 720, 2010.
- M. Kowalski, G. W. Giumetti, A. N. Schroeder, and H. H. Reese, Cyber bullying among college students: Evidence from multiple domains of college life, vol. 5. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2012.
- Van Royen, K. Poels, W. Daelemans, and H. Vandebosch, “Automatic monitoring of cyberbullying on social networking sites: From technological feasibility to desirability,” Telemat. Informatics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 89–97, 2014.
M. Dadvar, F. de Jong, R. Ordelman, and D. Trieschnigg, “Improved cyberbullying detection using gender information,” 12th Dutch-Belgian Inf. Retr. Work. (DIR 201
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References
1 J a G olbeck, “Computing and applying trust in web-based social networks,” Ann. Phys. (N. Y)., vol. 54, no. 1, p. 199, 2005.
2. J. Snakenborg, R. Van Acker, and R. A. Gable, “Cyberbullying: Prevention and Intervention to Protect Our Children and Youth,” Prev. Sch. Fail. Altern. Educ. Child. Youth, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 88–95, 2011.
3. P. K. Smith, J. Mahdavi, M. Carvalho, S. Fisher, S. Russell, and N. Tippett, “Cyberbullying : its nature and impact in secondary school pupils,” vol. 4, pp. 376–385, 2008.
4. R. Ortega, P. Elipe, J. A. Mora-merchán, J. Calmaestra, and E. Vega, “The Emotional Impact on Victims of Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying A Study of Spanish Adolescents,” vol. 217, no. 2006, pp. 197– 204, 2009.
5. I. Rivers and N. Noret, “‘ I h8 u ’: findings from a five-year study of text and email bullying,” vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 643–671, 2010.
6. J. W. Patchin, S. Hinduja, and Y. Violence, “Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying,” Youth Violence Juv. Justice, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 148–169, 2006.
7. Q. Li, “Cyberbullying in Schools: A Research of Gender Differences,” Sch. Psychol. Int., vol. 27, no. 2,
pp. 157–170, 2014.
8. T. Beran, “CYBER-HARASSMENT : A STUDY OF A NEW METHOD FOR AN OLD BEHAVIOR
*,” vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 265–277, 2005.
9. R. M. Kowalski, D. Ph, S. P. Limber, and D. Ph, “Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students,” vol. 41, pp. 22–30, 2007.
10. P. W. Agatston, D. Ph, R. Kowalski, D. Ph, S. Limber, and D. Ph, “Students ’ Perspectives on Cyber Bullying,” vol. 41, pp. 59–60, 2007.
11. S. Hinduja and J. W. Patchin, “Cyberbullying : An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization,” no. November 2014, pp. 37–41.
12. M. A. Campbell, “Cyber Bullying : An Old Problem in a New Guise?,” Aust. J. Guid. Couns., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 68–76, 2005.
13. C. Barlett and S. M. Coyne, “A Meta-Analysis of Sex Differences in Cyber-Bullying behavior: The Moderating Role of Age,” Aggress. Behav., vol. 40, pp. 474–488, 2014.
14. Y. Özdemir, “Cyber victimization and adolescent self-esteem : The role of communication with parents,” Asian J. Soc. Psychol., vol. 17, pp. 255–263, 2014.
15. S. Aslanidou and G. Menexes, “Youth and the Internet: Uses and practices in the home,” Comput. Educ., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 1375–1391, 2008.
16. K. Subrahmanyam and P. Greenfield, “Online communication and adolescent relationships,” Futur. Child., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 119–146, 2008.
17. A. Lenhart, M. Madden, and P. Hitlin, “Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation,” Pew Internet Am. Life Proj., pp. 37–45, 2005.
18. J. Juvonen and E. F. Gross, “Extending the school grounds? - Bullying experiences in cyberspace,” J. Sch. Health, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 496–505, 2008.
19. M. L. Ybarra and K. J. Mitchell, “Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver- child relationships, internet use, and personal characteristics,” J. Adolesc., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 319–336, 2004.
20. C. L. Coyle and H. Vaughn, “Social Networking: Communication Revolution or Evolution?,” Bell Labs Tech. J., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 3–18, 2008.
21. D. M. Boyd and N. B. Ellison, “Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship,” J. Comput. Commun., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 210–230, 2007.
22. R. Slonje and P. K. Smith, “Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?: Personality and Social Sciences,” Scand. J. Psychol., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 147–154, 2008.
23. F. Dehue, C. Bolman, and T. Völlink, “Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ Experiences and Parental Perception,” CyberPsychology Behav., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 217–223, 2008.
24. Q. Li, “New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools,” Comput. Human Behav., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1777–1791, 2007.
25. S. Bauman, “Cyberbullying : a Virtual Menace,” Natl. Coalit. Against Bullying Natl. Conf., vol. 1, no. November, p. 23, 2007.
26. P. E. Mjaavatn, P. Frostad, and S. J. Pijl, “Adolescents: Differences in friendship patterns related to gender,” Issues Educ. Res., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 45–64, 2016.
27. N. Jacobs, L. Goossens, F. Dehue, T. Völlink, and L. Lechner, “Dutch Cyberbullying Victims’ Experiences, Perceptions, Attitudes and Motivations Related to (Coping with) Cyberbullying: Focus Group Interviews,” Societies, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 43–64, 2015.
28. D. Ging and J. O’Higgins Norman, “Cyberbullying, conflict management or just messing? Teenage girls’ understandings and experiences of gender, friendship, and conflict on Facebook in an Irish second- level school,” Fem. Media Stud., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 805–821, 2016.
29. W. Cassidy, M. Jackson, and K. N. Brown, “Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying,” Sch. Psychol. Int., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 383–402, 2009.
30. C. A. Myers and H. Cowie, “Cyberbullying across the lifespan of education: Issues and interventions from school to university,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 16, no. 7, 2019.
31. C. E. Notar, S. Padgett, and J. Roden, “Cyberbullying : A Review of the Literature,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1– 9, 2013.
32. L. D. Johnson et al., “Cyberbullying on Social Media Among College Students,” Vistas Online, p. 8, 2016.
33. K. Rigby and D. Bagshaw, “What Hurts? The reported consequences of negative interactions with peers among Australian adolescent school children,” Child. Aust., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 36–41, 2001.
34. J. Carroll-Lind, J. W. Chapman, J. Gregory, and G. Maxwell, “The key to the gatekeepers: Passive consent and other ethical issues surrounding the rights of children to speak on issues that concern them,” Child Abus. Negl., vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 979–989, 2006.
35. E. Banks, “Prevalence and Gender Differences of Relational Aggression in High School Students Graduate,” vol. 5, pp. 13–15, 2012.
36. M. Iwanaga, K. Imamura, A. Shimazu, and N. Kawakami, “The impact of being bullied at school on psychological distress and work engagement in a community sample of adult workers in Japan,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1–16, 2018.
37. H. Vandebosch and K. van Cleemput, “Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and
victims,” New Media Soc., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1349–1371, 2009.
38. E. Calvete, I. Orue, A. Estévez, L. Villardón, and P. Padilla, “Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile,” Comput. Human Behav., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1128–1135, 2010.
39. C. M. Kokkinos, N. Antoniadou, A. Asdre, and K. Voulgaridou, “Parenting and Internet Behavior Predictors of Cyber-Bullying and Cyber-Victimization among Preadolescents,” Deviant Behav., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 439–455, 2016.
40. A. Sourander et al., “Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated With Cyberbullying Among Adolescents,”
Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, vol. 67, no. 7, p. 720, 2010.
41. R. M. Kowalski, G. W. Giumetti, A. N. Schroeder, and H. H. Reese, Cyber bullying among college students: Evidence from multiple domains of college life, vol. 5. Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2012.
42. K. Van Royen, K. Poels, W. Daelemans, and H. Vandebosch, “Automatic monitoring of cyberbullying on social networking sites: From technological feasibility to desirability,” Telemat. Informatics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 89–97, 2014.
43. M. Dadvar, F. de Jong, R. Ordelman, and D. Trieschnigg, “Improved cyberbullying detection using gender information,” 12th Dutch-Belgian Inf. Retr. Work. (DIR 201
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