Louis Bailey and His Role in Omani Internal Events (1866-1869)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/mxkn6j85Keywords:
Louis Bailey and Arabian Gulf.Abstract
The character of Louis Bailey of the characters that left an important, both in the Arab Gulf region or British political have, including its achievements on the external political level, the British and the internal policy of the chiefdoms of the Arabian Gulf, of what earned him a reputation and prestige of the men of the British political, has qualified him as yet His ability to manage external and internal crises indirectly in a way that serves British interests, and achieving this is not easy, as he needs a qualified assessor capable of mapping the British political map and this applied to the personality of Louis Bailey, but it is the subject of the study.
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[1] Abdul Aziz Abdul-Ghani Ibrahim, Western novels of trips in the Arabian Peninsula (1850-1880), part two, Dar al-Saqi for publishing and distribution, Beirut, 2013, p. 226.; New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 9, p. 106
[2] which is an island located on the west coast of India and is one of the best of the Indian subcontinent and one of the ports of the largest commercial centers where one of the largest cities in the world urges the economic and commercial center in India first. For more information, please see: William Melbourne, East Sumer, Sumit East India Dealers Guide, VOL 2, London, 1825, p. 122.
[3] Salanda, from c. a., Persian Gulf Summary, Anthology of State Papers Bombay, East India Linking Other Company Relations to the Persian Gulf with Summary of Events, (1700-1900), London, 1986, p. 81.
[4] Shaima Nabil Abdullah Al-Mulla, Councils of Kuwaiti Rulers in the eyes of Western Travelers, Kuwait National Library for Distribution and Publishing, Kuwait, 2017. 30.
[5] Robert Gerland on Landon, Oman since 1856 and led the fate, translated by Muhammad Amin Abdullah, sixth edition, Ministry of National Heritage and Culture, Oman 2016, p. 199.
[6] Mai Muhammad Al Khalifa, Splendid Sesbad and statesmen, second edition, Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, Bahrain, 2010, p. 28
[7] Founded in England in 1567 and its founder Lawrence Sharif, it is distinguished by being from the same educational and military systems, where, in addition to education, there are lessons for specialized equestrian arts and driving schools. For further study: Clarence Mc Edward, Public School British Opinion 1500 - 1800, London, p. 185.
[8] He established the English language for their company on December 31, 1600, and was established with the aim of expanding trade and supporting its impact on economic growth in the Indian subcontinent, which transformed the company from working in an institution from all Indian states with British political and military support in 1858, for more information, please see: Lorimer, J.J., Gulf Guide, Historical Section, Part One, Office of the Emir of Qatar Office, Doha (Copyright D1), p. 23; Mahmoud Abdul Wahid Al- Qaisi, Commercial and Political Activity of the Indian English Company in India 1800-1868, Master Thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1993.
[9] That the war took place in the aftermath of the Persian crawling area in Herat in 1857, which the British government objected to, and sent a campaign to Bushehr that managed to achieve its goals of forcing the Persian government to withdraw its forces from Herat in 1858. For more information, see: John Kelly, Britain and the Gulf, 1795-1870, translated by Muhammad Amin Abdullah, Part Two, Ministry of National Heritage, Sultanate of Oman, 1979, pp. 120-170.
[10] Abdul-Aziz Abdul-Ghani Ibrahim, previous source, p. 226.
[11] Lewis Bailey in 1878 Amy Bailey retained large official papers and personal own group work Lewis Bailey in India and the Arabian Gulf and granted to India office based on his will to Lewis Billy before her death shortly in 1912 married. For more information, see Louis Bailey, A Journey to Riyadh and Private Papers, translated by Isa Amin, Al-Ayyam Foundation for Printing and Publishing, Bahrain, 1996, pp. 170-173.
[12] Ibid, P. 173.
[13] The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 9, p. 106.
[14] Lewis Bailey, the former source, p. 170.
[15] one of the provinces of the Indian subcontinent is bordered on the north side and the western province of Baluchistan and the northeastern province of Punjab and the south of the Arabian Sea, Further reading is seen: Mahmoud Mujibur, the history of the civilization of India, the Arab Thought Foundation Publishing, Jordan, 1985, p. 98.
[16] Lewis Bailey, the former source, p. 171.
[17] Ottoman city on the Black Sea coast on the historic Silk Road trade gate of Persia and is in the southeast of the country, for more information please look: Aokaba antidotal Ihsanoglu, Sultan Selim Khan first, translation Nasir al-Din Ihsan, Arab Scientific Publishing, Turkey, 2013, p. 132.
[18] The closest Afghan cities to Persia and is a commercial hub coming from all over the convoys of the world and contain a large number of mosques and shrines, which includes some of the remains of a large number of kings and writers and is Adea from more land Afghan fertility and famous in the carpet industry, Further Information Looking: Salem Ahmad Salman, The Physical Geography of Afghanistan, Dar Al-Shorouk for Printing and Publishing, Kuwait, 1999, p. 53.
[19] A war that took place between Britain and Afghanistan in (1838) on the impact of the invasion of Britain to Afghanistan from India to overthrow the ruler of Afghanistan Almost Mohammad Khan and reformer ruler Shah brave pro-British war ended with the defeat of Britain, which pulled out of Afghanistan in 1842. For more information, see Salah Aboud Al-Amri, History and Political Development of Afghanistan, Dar Al- Arabi for Publishing and Distribution, Cairo, 2012, p. 142.
[20] quoting Abdul Razak Mohammed Siddiq, horseback riding knight in the history of Arabs Faris, Dar Al Shorouk Printing and Distribution, Cairo, 1993, p. 113.
[21] A one of the most prominent of the figures of British in the East was born in 1815 in London and spent most of his career in India since 1834 writer named in the building of the Government of Bombay and then a special secretary to the governor and became a political resident in the country Raje Indian and in 1850 was appointed governor For the state of Sindh and he became a member of the Viceroy’s Council for the period 1859-1862 and was appointed Governor of Bombay on 24 April 1862 to 6 March 1867 then moved to London and became a consultant in the Council of Minister of State for India for the period (1867-1877) and a member of the slave control committee and seconded to supervise a colony Cape in South Africa for
the period (1877 - 1880) and died in Wimbledon in 1884. For further consideration: The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 5, P. 1.
[22] The position of administrative, political and is one of the British institutions and protection of local government and the government of India manages the Arabian Gulf region through political Mqimha in Bushehr, and he enjoyed wide powers, including external relations and determine the nature of the relationship between the Gulf emirates and supervise the implementation of all treaties signed With Britain, he enjoys great military power and has the right to direct intervention, impose sanctions and force the sheiks of the Persian Gulf to abide by those treaties. For more information, see Muhammad Ahmad Abdullah and Bashir Zain Al Abidin, Modern History of Bahrain (1500-2002), Center for Historical Studies at the University of Bahrain, Bahrain, 2009, p. 170.
[23] Abdul Amir Mohammad Amin, resistance Emarat Al Jazeera and the tribes of the Gulf penetration of the European (1500-1900), edition of the third, thought Dar Printing and Publishing, Beirut, 1986, p. 63.
[24] Lewis Bailey, the former source, p. 172.
[25] He is Thuwaini bin Saeed bin Sultan Al Baw Sa’id Al Hakam for a period (1856-1866) born in 1819 in Muscat, and he was acting on his father’s rule in Muscat while Saeed bin Sultan was in Zanzibar since 1833, and he was killed by his son Salem on February 13, 1866. Further Information is seen: the Ministry of Heritage and culture, Oman Encyclopedia, the volume of the third, the first edition, the Sultanate of Oman, 2013, S855-856.
[26] It is Salem bin Thuwaini bin Saeed who took over Oman after his father was shot dead, and took over Oman for the period (1866-1868) after it was recognized by the British government in 1866. For more information, see: Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Encyclopedia Oman, Volume V, First Edition, Sultanate of Oman, 2013, pp. 1690-1691.
[27] (Hussein) Obaid Ghanem Ghobash, Amman, Islamic Democracy, Imamate Traditions in Modern Islamic History (1500-1970), New Publishing House, Beirut, 1997, p. 215.
[28] Arnold Wilson, History of the Persian Gulf, translated by Muhammad Amin Abdullah, Fourth Edition, Omani Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Sultanate of Oman 2016, p. 180.
[29] He is Turki bin Saeed bin Sultan, his father appointed him ruler of Muscat and Zanzibar, and he became governor of Sohar for further study. See Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Encyclopedia of Oman, Volume V, First Edition, Sultanate of Oman, 2013, pp. 693-699.
[30] (IO) R / 15/614 / from Salem bin Thuwaini to the government of Sir Bartle Frere Bombay, 22 March 1866.
[31] (IO) R / 15/614 / from Louis Bailey to the Secretary to the Government of India in Bombay, April 1866.
[32] It is a group of islands located in the east of the African continent in the middle of the Indian Al-Muhaid, and it has an important commercial site and currently follows Tanzania, away from Tanganyika, 25 miles south of Mombasa (118). Mel, Madagascar (750) miles, Comoros (500) miles, and the most important islands of Nakuja, Pemba, Zanzibar, and Tomato. For more information, see Muhammad Ibrahim, the modern state of Zanzibar during the reign of Sultan Saeed bin Sultan (1808-1856), Dar Al-Fikr for Publishing and Distribution, Oman, 2000, p. 13.
[33] Hana Abdul Wahid Abdul Ridha Al-Asadi, The British Navy and its role in the events of the Arabian Gulf (1858-1907) Al-Khaleej, Master Thesis, College of Education, University of Basra 2000, pp. 50-52.
[34] Atjison, C.ao, Treaties, Pledges, and Bonds Concerning British India, the Gulf, and the Arabian Peninsula,
Abdul-Wahab Abdul-Sattar Al-Qassab, Baghdad translation 2001, p. 327.
[35] He divided the property of Said bin Sultan after his death and was between Thuwaini and Majid when he became the ruler of Oman Thuwaini when Majid became ruler of Zanzibar in exchange for annual financial aid payment by the ruler of Zanzibar to the governor of Muscat according to Kanning division. For more information, see - Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Oman Encyclopedia, Volume Five, Previous Source, p. 693-694.
[36] Lorimer, c. C, Gulf Guide, Historical Section, Part One, translated by the Emir of Qatar, Doha (without the date of printing), p. 742.
[37] He was the rule of Majid bin Saeed bin Sultan Al-Bo’i Al-Saidi for a period (1856-1870) who took power after the death of his father Saeed bin Sultan and became ruler of Zanzibar, and Majid bin Saeed took violent measures against the slave trade, and he rejected Portuguese ambitions to expand Mozambique’s borders with Zanzibar, He died on October 7, 1870. For more information, see: Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Encyclopedia of Oman, Volume IX, First Edition, Sultanate of Oman, 2013, p. 3127.
[38] Center for Arab Unity, Amman Encyclopedia (Secret Records), translated by Muhammad Abdullah bin Muhammad Al-Harthy, Beirut, 2007, p. 542.
[39] Robert Girland is not London, Oman since 1856 and led the fate, translated by Muhammad Amin Abdullah, sixth edition, Ministry of National Heritage and Culture, Oman 2016, p. 341; Oman Encyclopedia (Secret Records), previous source, pp. 544-545.
[40] Riyadh Muhammad Jassim Al-Asadi, Internal Developments in Amman and Its External Relations (1856- 1888), Master Thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1988, p. 68.
[41] (It is a moderate group of Kharijites, whose lineage dates back to Abdullah bin Abad, and appeared in Kufa and Basra, then spread to Oman and North Africa. For more information see Riyad Jasim Muhammad Al- Asadi, previous source, p. 13.
[42] John Kelly, Part Two, previous source, p. 657.
[43] (IO) F / 126/42 / Letter from Louis Bailey to Sir Bartle Frere the Bombay Government, 1866.
[44] Abdul-Aziz Abdul-Ghani Ibrahim, Political Security of the Government of India in the Persian Gulf (1858- 1914) A Study of Documentary Films and Publications, King Abdulaziz House for Publishing, Riyadh, 1982, p. 140.
[45] (Riyad Muhammad Jassim al-Asadi, previous source, p. 70.
[46] Taher Yusef Aqb Al-Waeli, Omani Relations - Iran (1806-1868), Master Thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 1989, p. 112.
[47] Robert Girland on Landon, op. Cit., P. 43.
[48] After Her absence from Muscat, Herbert Dsbrau succeeded T-ions after his health. He took over the agency and was not fully aware of what motivated Oman.
[49] Born in 1834, he became a scholar of the Ibadiyya School and has an important role in the events of the nineteenth, where he participated in supporting the revolution of Imam Azzan bin Qais against Salem bin Thuwaini and the British century and died after being wounded in the battle of 1896: more information see: Muhammad bin Abd Allah Al-Harthy, Silver Contracts in Ibadi Principles, Omani Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Oman, 2009, p. 132.
[50] Ismail Muhammad Hassan al-Juburi, British Policy Toward Oman (1856-1891), Master Thesis, College of Education, University of Mosul, 2003, p. 78; Lorimer, The Historical Section, Part Two, p. 723.
[51] Atjison, op. Cit., P. 248.
[52] Riyadh Muhammad Jassim al-Asadi, previous source, S70-71.
[53] Ismail Muhammad Hassan al-Juburi, previous source, p. 79.
[54] He is Azzan bin Qais bin Azzan bin Qais bin Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Bouaidi, born in Muscat in 1848, and ruled from (1686-1871), he was called Imam and took power in Rustaq after the death of his father. He then declared a revolt against Thuwaini bin Said in 1865, and was killed in 1871 while participating in fending off the attack of Turki bin Said in Muttrah. For more information, see Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Encyclopedia of Oman, Volume VII, First Edition, Sultanate of Oman, 2013, pp. 2451-2452.
[55] It is one of the wilayats of the city of Al Batinah, located in the northern part of the Sultanate of Oman, bordered to the east by the state of Barka, to the west by Suwaiq, and from the west. South of Rustaq, and it is considered one of the coastal countries due to its long beach. For more information, see Lorimer, JJ, The Gulf Guide, Historical Division, Part Four, translated at the Office of the Emir of the State of Qatar, Doha (without publication date), p. 1487.
[56] He is Saeed bin Khalfan bin Ahmed al-Khalili, born in Muscat in 1811, and held various positions including the judge and ruler in Muscat at the time of Azzan bin Qais, and became the commander of the military garrison responsible for protecting the city until his death in 1870. For more information, see Muhammad Badawi Al-Saeed and others, Amman Information Guide, Dar Al-Thaqafa Publishing, Amman, 1991, p. 121.
[57] It is one of the wilayat of Al Batinah in the northeastern part of the Sultanate of Oman, about 85 km away from the capital and located on the coastal strip of the Sea of Oman. More information see Oman Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Oman Encyclopedia, Volume II, Sultanate of Oman, 2013, pg. 469
[58] Ahmad Al-Obaidli, Imam Azzan bin Qais 1868-1871: Aspects of Islamic history in the shadow of European hegemony, Dar Al-Haditha for Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, 1983, p. 66.
[59] (Abdel-Karim Mahmoud Gharaibeh, History of Modern Arabs, Publication of a Civil Library, Beirut, 1984,
pp. 222-224.
[60] It is one of the Omani cities located in the northeastern part of the Sultanate of Oman and overlooks the coast of the Sea of Oman, which connects China, India, Persia, East Africa, and Bahrain, and this made it an important commercial area and was named by that of the anchorage of the ship For more information see: Lorimer, Geographical Section, Part Four, previous source, p. 1511.
[61] The followers of Azzan bin Qais al-Thuwar are called because they are against the rule of Salim bin Thuwaini who abandoned the slogans of Ibadi after the assassination of his father, and called the measures taken by Azzan bin Qais with his followers against Salim bin Thuwaini (the Ibadi revolution) that will work to eliminate the injustice practiced by him Muscat rulers.
[62] Ali Jabbar Abdullah (2018)" Effect of climate change on occurrence of the vectors borne and infectious disease" Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 10 (08): 159-164.
[63] It is a Jalali fort, one of the most important defense forts in Muscat and is located on the Gulf of Oman, northeast of Muscat in the Sultanate of Oman. It was built by the Portuguese flag in 1588 to be an observatory in the form of using the towers as a defensive position through which the city controls and launches various neighborhoods and has many of the names, including the Eastern Kut and the Eastern Fort, were known in the past as the saint. For further study: Bushra Kazem Odeh, Castles in Amman (Galle) Model “A Historical Study”, Option University Magazine, Zulia, Vol. 35, Venezuela, 2019.
[64] Salim O. M and Abdullah H. J. et al., 2019'' Synthesis, characterization, and properties of polystyrene/SiO2 nanocomposite via sol-gel process'' AIP Conference Proceedings, 2151 (1), 020034.
[65] John Kelly, Britain and the Gulf (1795-1870), translated by Muhammad Amin Abdullah, Part Two, Ministry of National Heritage in Amman, Amman, 1979, p. 453.
[66] Amman Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Oman Encyclopedia, Volume Five, Previous Source, p. 169;
Abdul Karim Muhammad Gharaibeh, previous source, p. 320.
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