THE CONCEPT OF ARAB ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE EYES OF THE ENGLISH ORIENTALIST DONALD HILL ANWAR ABDUL-JABBAR MUHAMMAD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/8sf71e10Keywords:
Arab-Islamic civilizationAbstract
The Arab-Islamic civilization is considered one of the important pillars upon which the Islamic Arab state was built since its foundation during the era of the Muhammadiyah message and continued with it, taking the feature of development, which Hill spoke about until the end of the Abbasid era, as he considered that the sustainability of the Arab community depends entirely on it, and for this we will address the most important opinions taken by him in this regard.
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(1) Hill, Civilization, 21.
(2) Surah An-Nisaa, verse 165.
(3) Hill, Civilization, 21.
(4) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(5) Al-Tabari, History of the Apostles and Kings, 2/292.
(6) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(7) Ibn Ishaq, Sira Ibn Ishaq, 17, 18.
(8) Hill, Civilization, 24.
(9) Ibn Ishaq, biography of Ibn Ishaq, 24; Ibn Hisham, The Prophet's Biography, 1/238.
(10) Hill, Civilization, 23.
(11) Surah Al-Najm, verse 4.
(12) Ibn Hisham, The Biography of the Prophet, 1/19 Al-Tirmidhi, Abu Issa Muhammad Yen Issa (279 AH / 893 AD), Al-Shamael Al-Muhammadiyya, 1st Floor, Dar Al-Ahyaa Al-Arabiya Heritage (Beirut, D.T.), 195.
(13) Surat Al-Alaq, verses 1-2.
(14) Surat Al-Muddathir, verses: 1-2.
(15) Hill, Civilization, 23.
(16) Al-Waqidi, Al-Maghazi, 3/899; Ibn Hisham, The Prophet's Biography, 1/88
(17) Surat Al-Hijr, verse 94.
(18) Hill, Civilization, 19.
(19) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(20) Surat Al-Najm, verse 3.
(21) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(22) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(23) Al-Qadi, Abdul-Jabbar, Abu Al-Hussein bin Ahmed bin Abdul-Jabbar Al- Hamdhani (d. 415 AH / 1025 CE), Confirmation of Evidence of Prophethood, Dar Al-Mustafa (Cairo, D.T.), 1/6, 84..
(24) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(25) For more information on the prophetic migration, see: Ibn Hisham, The Prophet's Biography, 1/590.
(26) Surat Al-Alaq, verse 4-5.
(27) Hill, Civilization, 22.
(28) Surah Al-Nahl, verse: 125.
(29) Hill, Civilization, 25.
(30) Al-Bayhaqi, Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Al-Hussein bin Ali (d. 458 AH / 1066 CE), Evidence of Prophethood, Tah: Abdel-Moati Qalaji, 1st edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al- Alami, (Beirut, 1408 AH / 1988 AD), 2/461.
(31) Hill, Civilization, 25-26.
(32) Ibn Abd al-Barr, Abu Omar Yusef bin Abdullah bin Muhammad (d. 463 AH / 1071 CE), Al-Durrar in the abbreviation of Al-Maghazi and Sir, Tah: Shawqi Abu Dhaif, 2nd edition, Dar Al-Maarif (Cairo, 1403 AH / 1983 AD), 26.
(33) Hill, Civilization, 26.
(34) For more information about the role of the first immigrants in spreading the Islamic call in Yathrib. See: Al-Suhaili, Abu al-Qasim Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah (d. 581 AH / 1185 CE), Al-Rawd al-Naf in explaining the prophetic biography of Ibn Hisham, Tah: Omar Abdel Salam, 1st floor, Dar Al-Ahyaa for Arab Heritage (Beirut, 1421 AH / 2000 AD), 4/122.
(35) Hill, Civilization, 26.
(36) For more information about the acceptance of the people of Yathrib in the Islamic Call. Looking: Abu al-Rabee al-Kalaei, Suleiman bin Musa bin Salem (d. 634 AH / 1237 CE), contenting himself with the content of the deception of the Messenger of God (Peace be upon him) and the three caliphs, 1st floor, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami (Beirut, 1420 AH / 2000AD), 1/2.
(37) Hill, Civilization, 26.
(38) For more information about the secret invitation. Looking: Abu Shahba, Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Swailem, the Biography of the Prophet in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, 8th edition, Dar Al-Qalam (Damascus, 1427 AH / 2006AD), 28/23.
(39) Surat Al-Shuara, verse 214.
(40) Hill, Civilization, 27.
(41) Ibn Hibban, Abu Hatim Muhammad bin Hibban bin Ahmed (d. 354 AH / 956 CE), The Prophet’s Biography and News of the Caliphs, 3rd edition, Cultural Books (Beirut, 1417 AH / 1996 AD), 1/143; Ibn Habib, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Umar ibn al-Hasan al-Halabi (d. 797 AH / 1377 CE), Al-Muqtafah in the biography of Mustafa, Tah: Mustafa Muhammad Hussein, 1st edition, Dar Al-Hadith (Cairo, 1416 AH / 1996 AD), 77.
(42) Hill, Civilization, 29.
(43) Surah Saba, verse 28.
(44) Hill, Civilization, 30.
(45) For more information on the achievements of the Messenger (Peace be upon him) in Medina. Looking: Ibn Katheer, The Beginning and the End, 3/99; Al-Samhoudi, Ali bin Abdullah bin Ahmed (d. 911 AH / 1506AD), Wafa summary of Dar Al- Mustafa news, Open: Muhammad Al-Amin Muhammad, Habib Muhammad Press (Beirut, 1409 AH / 1989 AD), 12/2.
(46) Al-Waqidi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Omar (d. 207 AH / 823 CE), Al- Maghazi, Tah: Marsden Jones, 3rd floor, Dar Al-Alami (Beirut, 1409 AH / 1989 AD), 1/19.
(47) Hill, Civilization, pp. 30, 35.
(48) For more information about the Messenger’s relationship (Peace be upon him) to Medina. Looking: Bashamil, Muhammad bin Ahmed, from the virtuous battles of Islam, 3rd floor, the Salafi Library (Cairo, 1408 AH / 1988 AD), 4/222.
(49) Hill, Civilization, 31.
(50) Al-Waqidi, Al-Maghazi, 1, 176.
(51) Hill, Civilization, 32.
(52) () (52) Nur al-Din al-Halabi, Abu al-Faraj Ali bin Ibrahim (d. 1044 AH / 1653 CE), Al-Sira al-Halabya, 2nd edition, Dar al-Kutub al-Alami (Beirut, 1427 AH / 2006AD), 1972.
(53) Hill, Civilization, 33.
(54) Al-Zarqani, Abbou Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abd al-Baqi bin Youssef (d. 1122 AH / 1710 CE), Al-Zarqani’s Explanation of the Religious Talents of Muhammadiyah Grants, 1st edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami (Beirut, 1417 AH / 1996AD), 2, / 55.
(55) Hill, Civilization, 33.
(56) Hill, Civilization, 34.
(57) Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi, Abu Muhammad Ali bin Ahmed (d. 456 AH / 1063 AD), The Prophet's Biography, House of Scientific Books (Beirut, D.T.), 133.
(58) Hill, Civilization, 35.
(59) Salman Al-Farsi: He is a companion who cites Abu Abdullah from the Ram Hormuz region in Persia, and he used to say about himself I am a son of the Persians bracelet but he loved Islam and entered into it and became one of the reliable Muslim men, he died in the era of Caliph Uthman bin Affan, may God be pleased with him In the cities in the year 36 AH / 657 AD. Ibn Saad, Abu Abdullah Muhammad (d. 230 AH / 785 AD), the major classes, Tah: Ihssan Abbas, Dar Sader (Beirut, 1387 AH / 1968 AD), 4/75; Al-Bukhari, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim (d. 256 AH / 870 CE), The Great History, Tah: Mahmoud Muhammad Khalil, Ottoman Knowledge Department (Hyderabad, DT), 4/135..
(60) Al-Waqidi, Al-Maghazi, 2/440; Al-Maqrizi, the enjoyment of permitting the conditions, money, grandchildren and possessions of the Prophet, as follows: Muhammad Abdul Hamid Al-Numaisi, 1st edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami (Beirut, 1422 AH / 1999 AD), 1/225.
(61) Hill, Civilization, 36.
(62) For more information on Al-Hudaybiyah Peace, see: Al-Suhaili, Al-Rawd Al-Naf, 7/7.
(63) Hill, Civilization, 36.
(64) Hill, Civilization, p. 52.
(65) Hill, Civilization, 37.
(66) For more information on the conquest of Mecca, see: Al-Tabari, History of the Apostles and Kings, 3/42; Dahabi, History of Islam and Celebrity Deaths and Media, Open: Bashar Awad Maarouf, 1st Floor, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami (Beirut, 1423 AH / 2003AD), 1/351.
(67) Hill, Civilization, 38, 39.
(68) Al-Waqidi, Fattouh Al-Sham, 1st edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Alami (Beirut, 1417 AH / 1997 AD), 1/222.
(69) Hill, Civilization, 39
(70) Hill, Civilization, 30
(71) For more information on the construction of the Kaaba and the role of Islam in its purification of paganism and unbelief. Looking: Ibn Hisham, biography of Ibn Hisham, 104; Abu Naim al-Asbhani, Evidence of Prophethood, 1/519.
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