ANALYSIS of ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, LEVELS of CHROMIUM (Cr) AIR AND ALBUMIN URINE LEVELS of WORKERS in the METAL COATING HOME INDUSTRY in the DISTRICT of CANDI SIDOARJO
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/36xcz437Abstract
Background of the electroplating process involves several chemicals such as chromium. Chromium plating workers are at high risk of chromium exposure. Air is one of the environmental components that have an important position for human needs. Research objectives analyze the environmental conditions, levels of chromium (CR) air and albumin urine levels of workers in the home industry of metal plating in the district of Candi Sidoarjo. The research method is a descriptive observational study by designing a crosssectional build with a sample number of 12 workers. The rate of chromium in the air is taken using EPAM 500 and then analyzed by the laboratory with atomic Absorption spectrophotometry (SSA). Environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) using Thermhygrometer. The rate of Albumin in Urine uses the method of ImmunoturBidimetric assay. Analysis of descriptive data analysis using coefficient contingency to know the strong relationship between variables. Results study, the result of the cross-tabulation show that workers with chromium levels exceeding the normal value of most are at workers working in the working environment with a rate of chromium in the air amounted to 0.01 mg/m3. The most positive albumin levels are in the non-production part of the cross-tabulation results showing a very strong connection to the temperature and humidity variables with chromium levels in the air with a coefficient contingency value of 0.707. Workers in the home industry of metal plating as much as 25% or 3 out of 12 workers have a positive rate of albumin, this indicated has occurred damage to kidney function. As much as (17%) or 1 out of 6 workers with normal and positive urine rate for albumin and as much as (33%) or 2 of 6 workers with chromium levels of urine exceeds the normal and positive limits of urine albumin levels. The study concludes that workers who have the most positive levels of albumin exist in nonproduction parts. Temperature and humidity have a strong relationship with the rate of chromium in air. It needs exhaust fan as supporting ventilation so that the air exchange can be faster and give plants around the industry so that the temperature is cool. Monitoring with home industry owners, local governments on the
Downloads
References
1. Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia. Making Indonesia. MakIndones. 2019;1–8.
2. Hakim A, Fasya Z. Skripsianalisispenggunaankromium pada pelapisanlogam dan kondisikulittanganpekerja. 2015.
3. Alsuhendra. BahanToksikdalamMakanan. Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya; 2013.
4. Wulaningtyas FA. Environmental Health Risk Assessment of NO2 Ambient Level and Toll Collectors Officer‘S Health Complaints. J KesehatLingkung. 2018;10(1):127.
5. Badan Pusat Statistik. Statistik 70th Indonesia Merdeka. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2015.
6. Edytya RP. AnalisisPaparanKromiumDengan Dermatitis Kontak Pada Pekerja Home industry PelapisanLogam Di KecamatanWaru Dan Kecamatan Candi KabupatenSidoarjo. UniversitasAirlangga; 2018.
7. Istarani F, Istarani FF, Pandebesie ES. StudiDampakArsen (As) Dan Kadmium (Cd) TerhadapPenurunanKualitasLingkungan. J Tek ITS [Internet]. 2014;3(1):D53–8.
Available from: http://ejurnal.its.ac.id/index.php/teknik/article/view/5684
8. Sujoso AD. Dasar-dasarKeselamatan Dan KesehatanKerja. Jember: UPT PenerbitanUniversitasJember; 2012.
9. Parwitasari HER. Hubungan Kadar Kromium di Udara denganKromium dan KreatinindalamDarah Serta KeluhanKesehatanPekerjaPelapisanLogam UD Jasa Merdeka Knalpot Di Purbalingga. UniversitasAirlangga; 2017.
10. Assem L, Zhu H. Chromium Toxicological Overview. J Toxycology. 2007;
11. Ashby HS. Welding Fume in the Workplace. Prof Saf [Internet]. 2002;47(4):55. Available from: http:
//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=6455209&site=eho st-live
12. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. Georgia: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2012.
13. Sudarsana E, Setiani O. HubunganRiwayatPajananKromiumDenganGangguanFungsiGinjal Pada PekerjaPelapisanLogam di KabupatenTegal. J KesehatLingkungIndones. 2013;12(1):34–41.
14. Islam F, Hatono B. Paparankromium dan kerusakanginjal pada pekerjapelapisanlogam. J Ber KedoktMasy. 2018;32(8):257.
15. Departement of Justive and Attorney General. Chromium health monitoring guidelines, version 2 Whorkplace health and safety. Queensland: Departement of Justive and Attorney General; 2012.
16. Smith LA, Means JL, Chean A. Remedial Options for Metals-Contaminated Sited. USA: Lewis Publishers; 1995.
17. Rochmatika Y. Hubungan Antara Masa Kerja, PenggunaanAlatPelindungDiri dan Personal Hygiene dengan Kadar Kromiumdalam Urine pada PekerjaPelapisanLogam di Kaligawe Semarang. UniversitasDiponegoro; 2011.
18. Beker C, Borak J. Case study-11: chromium toxicity” In Environmental medicine. Whasihington DC: National Academy Press; 1990.
19. Zhang XH, Zhang X, Wang XC, Jin LF, Yang ZP, Jiang CX, et al. Chronic occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium causes DNA damage in electroplating workers. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(Vi).
20. Chiu-shong L, Hsien W, Kuo S. Urinary Nacetyl-B-D-glucosaminidase as an indicator of renal dysfunction in Electroplating works. Occup Env Heal J. 1998;71:348–52.
21. Wang X, Qin Q, Xu X. Chromium-induced early changes in renal function among ferrochromiumproducing workers. Toxycology J. 1994;93–101.
22. Bennett J, DA M, F N, J B, Hammond D. Hexavalent Chromium and Isocyanate Exposures during Military Aircraft Painting under Crossflow Ventilation. Occup Env Hyg. 2016;
23. Soraham T, Harrington J. Lung cancer in Yorkshire chrome platers. Occup Env Med J. 2000;385.
24. Kiilunen M. Occupational Exposure to chromium and Nickel in Finland-analysis of registries of hygienic measurements and biological monitoring. Ann OccupHyg J. 1994;
25. EPA. Elementis Chromium. Washington DC: Environmental Protection Agency; 2013.
26. HJ G, PS L, PF P, BC R. Clinical findings of irritation among chromium chemical production workers. Am J Ind Med. 2000;38:127–31.
27. A T, F G, K N, SJ S, MR G, J H. Design and performance of chromium mist generator. J Braz Chem Soc. 2006;17(2):42–347.
28. MB H, JD J, T M. Chromium allergy: significance of both Cr (III) and Cr (VI). Contact Dermatitis. 2003;49:206–12.
29. YL H, CY C, JY S. Lipid peroxidation in workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. J Toxicol Env Heal
A. 1999;56(4):235–47.
30. AM P, DP R, Editors. Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 1995.
31. L F. Sources, transport and alterations of metal compounds: an overview. I. Arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, and nickel. Env Heal Perspect. 1981;40:43–64.
32. P B, PS B, SP O, PFG G. Occupational asthma due to chrome and nickel electroplating. Thorax. 1997;52(1):28.
33. BC S, SL C, SR P, RA J, SM C. Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology. ToxicolApplPharmacol. 2012;259:38–44.
34. NH H, JP B, E E, S L, AN A, J O. Spontaneous Abortion in IVF Couples-a Role of Male Welding Exposure. Hum Reprod. 2005;20 (7):1793–7.
35. M C, BC K. Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Chromium Compounds in Humans. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2006;36(2):155–63.
36. TJ O, S C, SR P. Complexities of chromium carcinogenesis: role of cellular response, repair and recovery mechanisms. Mutat Res. 2003;533:3–36.
37. SS W, AL H, JP WS. Hexavalent chromium-induced DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Rev Env Heal. 2008;23(1):39–57.
38. IARC. Agents reviewed by the IARC monographs [Internet]. 2012. p. 1–99. Available from: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/%0AClassification/index.php
39. Human UD of H and, HHS) S (U. S, Toxicology N, (NTP) P. Report on carcinogens. Public Health Service. 2011. p. 12th ed.
40. KP N, SR P, S C. Chromium genotoxicity: a double edged sword. Chem Biol Interact. 2010;188:276–88.
41. DK S, RC M, VK J, SV C. Fetoplacental-maternal uptake of hexavalent chromium administered orally in rats and mice. Bull Env ContamToxicol. 1990;45:430–5.
42. FC M, LJ B, JR W, J X, LC B, SR P. Induction of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation by carcinogenic chromate: Relationship to DNA damage, genotoxicity, and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. Env Heal Perspect. 1994;102:159–67.
43. H X, AL H, SS W, N G, JP W. Lead chromate-induced chromosome damage requires extracellular dissolution to liberate chromium ions but does not require particle internalization or intracellular dissolution. Chem Res Toxicol. 2004;17:1362–7. 44. EPA. Evidence on the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Chromium (Hexavalent Compounds). Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency; 2009.
44. Haryati S, Supraptiah E, Bustan MD. Pengujian Performance AdsorbenSeratBuahMahkota Dewa dan Clay TerhadapLarutan yang MengandungLogamKromium. J ApplEng Chem. 2011;1:18–23.
45. Kenali, NorzaitiMohd, NaimahHasanahMohdFathil, NorbasyirahBohari, Ahmad Faisal Ismail, and Roszaman Ramli. "Dental Development between Assisted Reproductive Therapy (Art) and Natural Conceived Children: A Comparative Pilot Study." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.1 (2020), 01-06. Print. doi:10.5530/srp.2020.1.01
46. Ikinci, A., Odaci, E., Yildirim, M., Kaya, H., Akça, M., Hanci, H., Aslan, A., Sönmez, O.F., Baş, O.The effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 megahertz electromagnetic field on hippocampus morphology and learning behavior in rat pups(2013) NeuroQuantology, 11 (4), pp. 582-590.
47. Rammsayer, T.Effects of pharmacologically induced dopamine-receptor stimulation on human temporal information processing (2009) NeuroQuantology, 7 (1), pp. 103-113.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
