STATE FORMATION OF WOLAITTA AND ITS KINGDOM UP TO 1894
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/8mq1xq50Keywords:
State Formation,, Kingdom, WolaittaAbstract
This study portrays state formation of Wolaitta and its kingdom up to 1894. The main factors that led to state formation of Wolaitta were the developments of socio-cultural and economic dynamics which was related with the settlement in Omo River Valley since the time Neolithic Revolution. The socio-cultural dynamics such as clan development, conflict, control to lead the area and others. The economic dynamics include the beginning of agriculture due to sedentary way of life in Omo River Valley. These dynamics led to the clan union as well as divergence, leadership practice, agriculture, trade and the like. The study moves on to a discussion of the process of state formation of Wolaitta and its kingdom that established various dynasties. The state formation of Wolaitta implicated the rise of strong kingdom and highlights state structure. Finally, the study identifies rather intriguing topics for further inquiry.
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2Joe Painter and Alex Jeffrey.Political Geography.Los Angels, 2009, p.4-17.
3Robert L. Carneiro, 1970, pp.733-734.
4Ibid
5 Friedrich Engels, The origin of the family, private property and the state. Penguin UK, 2010.
6Franz Oppenheimer, The State, Black Rose Books: Montreal/New York/London, 2007, pp.1-4
7Ibid 8Ibid
9Kola Olugbade, “State of the State in the Third World,” Michigan State University, (n.d), p.76; Aidan Southall, "State formation in Africa."Annual Review of Anthropology 3, no. 1 (1974): 153-165; Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, 2nd Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
10BahiruZewde, op.cit., 2001,pp. 7-8; Jacke Phillips, “Punt and Aksum: Egypt and the Horn of Africa,” Journal of African History, Vol. 38 (1997), pp.423-457; A. Catherine D'Andrea, Andrea Manzo, Michael J. Harrower and Alicia L.Hawkins, “The Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite Settlement of NE Tigrai, Ethiopia,” Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2008), pp. 151-1
11AbeshaShirkoLambebo, “The Challenging Legacies…,” p. 201. 12AltayeAlaro, pp.1-2; Remo Chiatti, p. 492; BogaleWalelu, p.22 13Erich C.Fisher, 2010, p.80.
14Ibid.
15 WoldemariamLisanu, “Ye WolaytaBeherManinet (“WolayttaAannissa”)” (Identity of Wolaitta Nation), Manuscript, not date, pp.1-3
16 F. Klausberger, 1976, p.1 (the page number is not indicated on the paper but it is counted manually).
17Ibid ., p.10.
18 C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646, The Hacluyt Society, London, 1954, pp.107-108; WanaWagesho. YaWolaytaHezibTarik (The History of Wolaitta), Second Edition, Addis Ababa Brahannena Salam Printing Press, 1994 E.C, p.10; Justin Dunnavant, pp. 39-40; Aysha Amado, The Beginning of Wolaitta History, Addis Ababa, 2003; AbeshaShirkoLambebo, “The Challenging Laegacies…,” p.201; Abraham Babanto, LemlemetuaWolayta: Tentawenna Ye Zareyetu (“The Origin of Wolaittaand Revolutionary Modern Wolaita”), 1971, p.15; Informants: GebremikaelKuke, Basa Data, EyoelHeramo, WoldemariamLisanu and Zebdewos Chama
19Ibid 20Ibid. 21Ibid. 22 Ibid 23Ibid. 24Ibid. 25Ibid.
26AbeshaShirkoLambebo, “A Study of Reconstructing…,” op.cit., 2016, pp.269-270.
27 Oral tradition and most written record prove this fact.
28Data Dea, “Cultural Variation and Social Change in Southern Ethiopia: Comparative Approaches: Clans, Kingdoms, and „Cultural Diversity‟ in Southern Ethiopia: The Case of Omotic Speakers,”Northeast African Studies, New Series, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2000, pp. 167-169; AselaGujuboGutulo, p.39; Paul Balisky, op.cit., 2009, 2008, pp.27-30
29 Informants: DanagodaDesta, IsayasUshacho, WoldemariamLisanu, EyasuGajabo, EyoulHeramo and Zebdwos Chama; see also AbaynehGirma, 1971; AltayeAlaro, 1982.
30 E. Fisher, 2010, p.65.
31 Informants: DanagodaDesta, IsayasUshacho, WoldemariamLisanu, EyasuGajabo, EyoulHeramo and Zebdwos Chama; Balisky, pp, 3-7, 7-16, 16-19, Remo Chiatti, pp. 309-340
32Ibid.
33Beckingham and Huntingford, 1954, pp.107-108.
34John Makakis, Ethiopia: Anatomy of Traditional Polity, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, pp.50-80.
35 Informants: EyasuGajabo, EuelHeramo, BogaleGesamo, GebremikaelKuke, DesalegnTanga, DamagodaDesta, IsayasUshacho, AtareKiro, Zebdewos Chama, TekileTakiso, DestaTantu and Abraham Bachore.
36AyeleTariku , “State Formation and Dispute Resolution Mechanism in Ethiopia: A Case of Wolaitta People,” European Scientific Journal, vol.11, No.23, August 2015, p.241-245.
37 Haile GebrielMelaku, p.85.
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39For the detail information look; AbeshaShirkoLambebo, “A Study of Reconstructing…,” pp. 268-28.
40Allmost all literature associate king Motolomi, AbuneTekleHaymanot and Damot.
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WorabaIrashaGotanaTuffaTadala (2007, p. 30).
42TadesseTamirat, Church and State, pp.122-123.
43 Remo Chiatti,op.cit., 1984, p.2.
44AbeshaShirkoLambebo, “A Study of Reconstructing…,” pp. 268-28.
45TsehaiBerhaneSellasse, “The question of Damot and Walamo,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, Vol. XIII, No. 1 IES, Addis Ababa, January, 1975, pp. 37-38, Remo Chiatti,op.cit.,1984, p.54.
46 Remo Chiatti,op.cit., 1984, pp. 49-50.
47Ibid.
48GedleAbuneTekleHaymanot, pp.30-133; Aba Matiwos, YeitiyopiyaBrahanKidusTekle-HaymanotTarik(Gedil), Addis Atamiwoch (Addis Printings), 1992. pp. 13-84;
49 Ibid.
50Ibid.
51 Paul Balisky, op.cit., 2009, pp.9-10.
52 AbeshaShirkoLambebo, “A Study of Reconstructing…,” p.268-274; GebreSellassie (TsehafeTizaz).TarikZamanzaDagimawiMenilikNegussenegestzaItyopiya (A History of the reign of Menelik II, the king of kings of Ethiopoia), Addis Ababa: Artistic Printing Press, 1959, pp. 219-221.
53 Manuel de Alemedea, Some Records of Ethiopia with Bahrey‟s History of [Oromo] (1593-1646) in Beckingham, C. F. and G.W.B. Huntingford, London: Hakluyt, 1954, p.ixv
54 Manuel de Alemedea, 1954, p.ixv; see also Paul Balisky, op.cit., 2009, op.cit., 2008, pp. 9-11.
55Mohammed Hassen, The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History 157-1860, Trenton, NJ, Red Sea Press, 1994. p.I.
56 Travel accounts and Geez sources narrated the present South Ethiopia without actually seeing the territory.
57 Paul Balisky, op.cit., 2009, pp. 9-11.
58GedleAbuneTekleHaymanot (Hagiography of Saint AbuneTekleHaymanot), pp.20-50; IbinKahaldun cited in TadesseTamirat, pp.122-123;Abesha ShirkoLambebo, “A Study of Reconstructing…,” p.268-284; Remo Chiatti, pp. 45-59; AselaGujuboGutulo, pp.34-45; AdaneAyza, pp.66-77; ZebdewosChemaGeramo, pp. 42- 54.
59Ibid.
60AbeshaShirkoLambebo, A Study of Reconstructing…, op.cit.,2016,p.268.
61AfeworkGebre Selassie, YewolaytaHezibTarikkeZhak Biro, p.45.
62Ibid.
63Charles T.Beke, 1850, pp. 208-223.
64AlekaTayeGebre Mariam, Ye ItiyopiyaHizbTarik,BerhanenaSelamMatemiya Bet, Addis Ababa, 1928, p.17.
65 Getatchew Haile (trans.),YeabbaBahriyDirsetochoromochinkemmimmelekketulelochsenedochgaraor The Works of Abba Bahriy with Other Documents concerning the Oromo, Avon, Minnesota, 2002, p.240.
66J. Borelli, Amhara, Oromo etSidama Journal de mon Voyage aux Pays Septembre 1885 a Novembre 1888 (Ethiopia Meridionale. Journal of my Travel to the Countries at midnight, Oromo and Sidama. September 1885 to November 1888), Paris, Quantin: Libraires-imprimeries reunites, 1890.
67 Carlo Cavana, p.16
68Zebdewos Chama Geramao, Manuscript, op.cit., 2010, p.34.
69 Informants: WoldemariamLisanu, EyasuGajabo, EyuolHeramo, ZebdiwosChema, TekleTakiso and DestaTantu.
70Aysha Amado, op.cit., 2003, pp.9-21
71 Ibid ., p.11-39
72 Paul Balisky, op.cit., 2009,p.24; J. Borelli, op.cit.,, 1896,p.303; Aysha Amado, op.cit.,, 2003, p.11-39; Zebdewos Chama Geramo, op.cit., 2009, p.175; WanaWagesho, op.cit., 1994,p.20; Elias Awatoet‟al, op.cit.,199, p.39; Remo Chiatti, op.cit.,, pp.281-310.
73AbeshaShirkoLambebo, “A Study of Reconstructing…,”op.cit.,, p.268.
74Remo Chiatti, op.cit.,1984, pp.341-382.
75Ibid., p.422.
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