The Third Gulf War and its impact on GermanAmerican relations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61841/tt0ejv74Keywords:
The Third Gulf War, German-American RelationsAbstract
The third Gulf War constituted an important turning point in the nature of German-American relations, and for the first time since the end of the Second World War, Germany took a position opposing the American position, so that the pattern of the relationship between the two parties shifted from the type of relationship based on the policy of the subordinate to that of the relationship based on isolation and opposition before the German side towards the US policy towards Iraq. For the first time in the history of relations between the two countries, economic interests, especially with the Arab East, constitute a point of contention and tension between the two parties. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the nature and causes of this shift in the nature of the relationship between the two countries by answering the following questions: - Was the completion of the German unity, with its geographical, demographic, and economic impact, the reason for the Germans devising a foreign policy independent of the United States of America? - Berlin's desire, after being freed from the restrictions of dependency on the American foreign decision, to assume the leadership of Europe far from the American intervention through its opposition to the policy of aggression against Iraq in 2003.
Downloads
References
1. Abdel Azim Hamada (2002), Foreign Policy Issues in German Elections, International
Politics Journal, Al-Ahram Center for Strategic Studies, Cairo.
2. Asmus, Rohald, and others (1993), "Building a New NATO, Foreign Affairs, NO 4.
3. Dehio, Ludwig (1962), The precarious balance: The politics of power in Europe, 1494-1945, Great Britain.
4. Dukes, Paul (1950). A History of Europe 1648-1948: The Arrival, The Rise, The Fall, London.
5. Flenley, Ralph (1956). Modern German history, London.
6. Gatzke, Hans W. (1980) Germany and the United States: A "Special Relationship."
Harvard University Press.
7. Gunther, Birkenstock (2008), History of German-American Relations 1945-1955.
8. Haider Sabri Al-Khiqani (2014), the history of Europe from the end of World War I
until the end of World War II, Iraq - Najaf.
9. Halborn, Hajo (1951), The political collapse of Europe, U.S.A.
10. Harith Muhammad Hassan (1999), Relations between the United States and the
European Union 1990-1998, unpublished master's thesis, College of Political
Science/University of Baghdad.
11. Hart, B. H. (1970). History of the Second World War, London.
12. Hassan Nafaa (2004), The European Union and Arab Lessons Learned, Beirut, Center
for Unity Studies
13. Jeffrey Carton (1993), Cold Peace: America, Japan, Germany and the Struggle for
Sovereignty, Beirut
14. Johann Sebastian (2008), Germany's oldest former chancellor, Helmut Schmidt. https://p.dw.com pGJPF
15. Mark Leonard (2009), Why the Twenty-First Century Will Be a European Century, translated by Ahmed Ajaj, Abu Dhabi, Kalima Al Emarat Publishing House.
16. Mcmaster, John (1918), A Brief history of the united States, U.N.A, American
book.com.
17. Nazim Al-Jassour (2003), Unified Germany in the Twenty-first Century, The Rise of
the Summit and Regional and International Determinants, Beirut, Center for Strategic
Studies and Research.
18. Richard Nixon, America and the Opportunity (1992), translated by: Ahmad Sofi.
Amman, Dar Al-Hilal Publishing.
19. Rolf Steiger (2018), Germany and the Middle East since the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II to the Orient in 1898 until the present, translated by Lawrence Al-Hinnawi, Kuwait.
20. Sadiq Hassan Al-Sudani (2011), The Jews of the United States of America, "A historical-political study," Baghdad.
21. Schwabe, Klaus. (1985). Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918-1919. U. of North Carolina Press.
22. Thana Fouad Abdullah (1991), The Unified Germany between the Internal Structure and International Variables, International Politics Journal, Cairo, p. 103
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 AUTHOR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
